Advanced Engineering Materials and Modeling
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Preface xiii
Part 1 Engineering of Materials, Characterizations, and Applications
1 Mechanical Behavior and Resistance of Structural Glass Beams in Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB) with Adhesive Joints 3
Chiara Bedon and Jan Belis
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Overview on Structural Glass Applications in Buildings 5
1.3 Glass Beams in LTB 5
1.3.1 Susceptibility of Glass Structural Elements to Buckling Phenomena 5
1.3.2 Mechanical and Geometrical Influencing Parameters in Structural Glass Beams 8
1.3.3 Mechanical Joints 9
1.3.4 Adhesive Joints 10
1.4 Theoretical Background for Structural Members in LTB 14
1.4.1 General LTB Method for Laterally Unrestrained (LU) Members 14
1.4.2 LTB Method for Laterally Unrestrained (LU) Glass Beams 17
1.4.2.1 Equivalent Thickness Methods for Laminated Glass Beams 18
1.4.3 Laterally Restrained (LR) Beams in LTB 23
1.4.3.1 Extended Literature Review on LR Beams 23
1.4.3.2 Closed-form Formulation for LR Beams in LTB 24
1.4.3.3 LR Glass Beams Under Positive Bending Moment My 28
1.5 Finite-element Numerical Modeling 31
1.5.1 FE Solving Approach and Parametric Study 32
1.5.1.1 Linear Eigenvalue Buckling Analyses (lba) 32
1.5.1.2 Incremental Nonlinear Analyses (inl) 35
1.6 LTB Design Recommendations 38
1.6.1 LR Beams Under Positive Bending Moment My 38
1.6.2 Further Extension and Developments of the Current Outcomes 39
1.7 Conclusions 42
References 44
2 Room Temperature Mechanosynthesis of Nanocrystalline Metal Carbides and Their Microstructure Characterization 49
S.K. Pradhan and H. Dutta
2.1 Introduction 50
2.1.1 Application 50
2.1.2 Different Methods for Preparation of Metal Carbide 50
2.1.3 Mechanical Alloying 51
2.1.4 Planetary Ball Mill 51
2.1.5 The Merits and Demerits of Planetary Ball Mill 52
2.1.6 Review of Works on Metal Carbides by Other Authors 53
2.1.7 Significance of the Study 54
2.1.8 Objectives of the Study 55
2.2 Experimental 56
2.3 Theoretical Consideration 58
2.3.1 Microstructure Evaluation by X-ray Diffraction 58
2.3.2 General Features of Structure 60
2.4 Results and Discussions 60
2.4.1 XRD Pattern Analysis 60
2.4.2 Variation of Mol Fraction 65
2.4.3 Phase Formation Mechanism 69
2.4.4 Is Ball-milled Prepared Metal Carbide Contains Contamination? 71
2.4.5 Variation of Particle Size 72
2.4.6 Variation of Strain 74
2.4.7 High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy Study 76
2.4.8 Comparison Study between Binary and Ternary Ti-based Metal Carbides 76
2.5 Conclusion 80
Acknowledgment 80
References 80
3 Toward a Novel SMA-reinforced Laminated Glass Panel 87
Chiara Bedon and Filipe Amarante dos Santos
3.1 Introduction 87
3.2 Glass in Buildings 89
3.2.1 Actual Reinforcement Techniques for Structural Glass Applications 92
3.3 Structural Engineering Applications of Shape-Memory Alloys (SMAs) 93
3.4 The Novel SMA-Reinforced Laminated Glass Panel Concept 94
3.4.1 Design Concept 94
3.4.2 Exploratory Finite-Element (FE) Numerical Study 96
3.4.2.1 General FE Model Assembly Approach and Solving Method 96
3.4.2.2 Mechanical Characterization of Materials 98
3.5 Discussion of Parametric FE Results 101
3.5.1 Roof Glass Panel (M1) 101
3.5.1.1 Short-term Loads and Temperature Variations 102
3.5.1.2 First-cracking Configuration 106
3.5.2 Point-supported Façade Panel (M2) 109
3.5.2.1 Short-term Loads and Temperature Variations 111
3.6 Conclusions 114
References 117
4 Sustainable Sugarcane Bagasse Cellulose for Papermaking 121
Noé Aguilar-Rivera
4.1 Pulp and Paper Industry 122
4.2 Sugar Industry 123
4.3 Sugarcane Bagasse 124
4.4 Advantageous Utilizations of SCB 129
4.5 Applications of SCB Wastes 130
4.6 Problematic of Nonwood Fibers in Papermaking 131
4.7 SCB as Raw Material for Pulp and Paper 134
4.8 Digestion 135
4.9 Bleaching 135
4.10 Properties of Bagasse Pulps 136
4.10.1 Pulp Strength 137
4.10.2 Pulp Properties 137
4.10.3 Washing Technology 138
4.10.4 Paper Machine Operation 138
4.11 Objectives 138
4.12 Old Corrugated Container Pulps 139
4.13 Synergistic Delignification SCB-OCC 141
4.14 Elemental Chlorine-Free Bleaching of SCB Pulps 150
4.15 Conclusions 156
References 158
5 Bio-inspired Composites: Using Nature to Tackle Composite Limitations 165
F. Libonati
5.1 Introduction 166
5.2 Bio-inspiration: Bone as Biomimetic Model 169
5.3 Case Studies Using Biomimetic Approach 172
5.3.1 Fiber-reinforced Bone-inspired Composites 172
5.3.2 Fiber-reinforced Bone-inspired Composites with CNTs 176
5.3.3 Bone-inspired Composites via 3D Printing 177
5.4 Methods 179
5.4.1 Composite Lamination 180
5.4.2 Additive Manufacturing 181
5.4.3 Computational Modeling 182
5.5 Conclusions 183
References 185
Part 2 Computational Modeling of Materials
6 On the Electronic Structure and Band Gap of ZnSxSe1-x 193
Ghassan H. E. Al-Shabeeb and A. K. Arof
6.1 Introduction 193
6.2 Computational Method 194
6.3 The k·p Perturbation Theory with the Effect of Spin-Orbit Interaction 197
6.4 Results and Discussion 202
Acknowledgment 205
References 205
7 Application of First Principles Theory to the Design of Advanced Titanium Alloys 207
Y. Song, J. H. Dai, and R. Yang
7.1 Introduction 207
7.2 Basic Concepts of First Principles 208
7.3 Theoretical Models of Alloy Design 211
7.3.1 The Hume-Rothery Theory 211
7.3.2 Discrete Variational Method and d-Orbital Method 216
7.3.2.1 Discrete Variational Method 216
7.3.2.2 d-Electrons Alloy Theory 218
7.4 Applications 219
7.4.1 Phase Stability 219
7.4.1.1 Binary Alloy 219
7.4.1.2 Multicomponent Alloys 222
7.4.2 Elastic Properties 223
7.4.3 Examples 226
7.4.3.1 Gum Metal 226
7.4.3.2 Ti2448 (Ti-24Nb-4Zr-8Sn) 227
7.5 Conclusions 230
Acknowledgment 230
References 230
8 Digital Orchid: Creating Realistic Materials 233
Iftikhar B. Abbasov
8.1 Introduction 234
8.2 Conclusion 243
References 243
9 Transformation Optics-based Computational Materials for Stochastic Electromagnetics 245
Ozlem Ozgun and Mustafa Kuzuoglu
9.1 Introduction 246
9.2 Theory of Transformation Optics 249
9.3 Scattering from Rough Sea Surfaces 252
9.3.1 Numerical Validation and Monte Carlo Simulations 256
9.4 Scattering from Obstacles with Rough Surfaces or Shape Deformations 258
9.4.1 Numerical Validation and Monte Carlo Simulations 263
9.4.2 Combining Perturbation Theory and Transformation Optics for Weakly Perturbed Surfaces 264
9.5 Scattering from Randomly Positioned Array of Obstacles 268
9.5.1 Separate Transformation Media 269
9.5.1.1 Numerical Validation & Monte Carlo Simulations 271
9.5.2 A Single Transformation Medium 273
9.5.2.1 Numerical Validation & Monte Carlo Simulations 275
9.5.3 Recurring Scaling and Translation Transformations 276
9.5.3.1 Numerical Validation & Monte Carlo Simulations 278
9.6 Propagation in a Waveguide with Rough or Randomly Varying Surface 278
9.3.1 Numerical Validation and Monte Carlo
Simulations 283
9.7 Conclusion 287
References 288
10 Superluminal Photons Tunneling through Brain Microtubules Modeled as Metamaterials and Quantum Computation 291
Luigi Maxmilian Caligiuri and Takaaki Musha
10.1 Introduction 292
10.2 QED Coherence in Water: A Brief Overview 295
10.3 "Electronic" QED Coherence in Brain Microtubules 301
10.4 Evanescent Field of Coherent Photons and Their Superluminal Tunneling through MTs 305
10.5 Coupling between Nearby MTs and their Superluminal Interaction through the Exchange of Virtual Superradiant Photons 312
10.6 Discussion 316
10.7 Brain Microtubules as "Natural" Metamaterials and the Amplification of Evanescent Tunneling Wave Amplitude 319
10.8 Quantum Computation by Means of Superluminal Photons 325
10.9 Conclusions 329
References 330
11 Advanced Fundamental-solution-based Computational Methods for Thermal Analysis of Heterogeneous Materials 335
Hui Wang and Qing-Hua Qin
11.1 Introduction 336
11.2 Basic Formulation of MFS 338
11.2.1 Standard MFS 338
11.2.2 Modified MFS 340
11.2.2.1 RBF Interpolation for the Particular Solution 341
11.2.2.2 MFS for the Homogeneous Solution 342
11.2.2.3 Complete Solution 343
11.3 Basic Formulation of HFS-FEM 344
11.3.1 Problem Statement 344
11.3.2 Implementation of the HFS-FEM 346
11.3.4 Recovery of Rigid-body Motion 349
11.4 Applications in Functionally Graded Materials 349
11.4.1 Basic Equations in Functionally Graded Materials 349
11.4.2 MFS for Functionally Graded Materials 350
11.4.3 HFS-FEM for Functionally Graded Materials 353
11.5 Applications in Composite Materials 357
11.5.1 Basic Equations of Composite Materials 357
11.5.2 MFS for Composite Materials 360
11.5.2.1 MFS for the Matrix Domain 360
11.5.2.2 MFS for the Fiber Domain 360
11.5.2.3 Complete Linear Equation System 361
11.5.3 HFS-FEM for Composite Materials 362
11.5.3.1 Special Fundamental Solutions 362
11.5.3.2 Special n-Sided Fiber/Matrix Elements 363
11.6 Conclusions 365
Acknowledgments 366
Conflict of Interest 366
References 366
12 Understanding the SET/RESET Characteristics of Forming Free TiOx/TiO2-x Resistive-Switching Bilayer Structures through Experiments and Modeling 373
P. Bousoulas and D. Tsoukalas
12.1 Introduction 374
12.2 Experimental Methodology 376
12.3 Bipolar Switching Model 378
12.3.1 Resistive-Switching Performance 378
12.3.2 Resistive-Switching Model 383
12.4 RESET Simulations 389
12.4.1 I-V Response 389
12.4.2 Influence of TE on the CFs Broken Region 393
12.5 SET Simulations 398
12.6 Simulation of Time-dependent SET/RESET Processes 401
12.7 Conclusions 403
Acknowledgments 404
References 404
13 Advanced Materials and Three-dimensional Computer-aided Surgical Workflow in Cranio-maxillofacial Reconstruction 411
Luis Miguel Gonzalez-Perez, Borja Gonzalez-Perez-Somarriba Gabriel Centeno, Carpóforo Vallellano, and Juan Jose Egea-Guerrero
13.1 Introduction 412
13.2 Methodology 413
13.3 Findings 418
13.4 Discussion 427
References 436
14 Displaced Multiwavelets and Splitting Algorithms 439
Boris M. Shumilov
14.1 An Algorithm with Splitting of Wavelet Transformation of Splines of the First Degree 443
14.1.1 "Lazy" Wavelets 444
14.1.2 Examples of Wavelet Decomposition of a Signal of Length 8 447
14.1.3 "Orthonormal" Wavelets 450
14.1.4 An Example of Function of Harten 454
14.2 An Algorithm for Constructing Orthogonal to Polynomials Multiwavelet Bases 456
14.2.1 Creation of System of Basic Multiwavelets of Any Odd Degree on a Closed Interval 456
14.2.2 Creation of the Block of Filters 459
14.2.3 Example of Orthogonal to Polynomials Multiwavelet Bases 461
14.2.4 The Discussion of Approximation on a Closed Interval 463
14.3 The Tridiagonal Block Matrix Algorithm 464
14.3.1 Inverse of the Block of Filters 464
14.3.2 Example of the Hermite Quintic Spline Function Supported on [-1, 1] 465
14.3.3 Example of the Hermite Septimus Spline Function Supported on [-1, 1] 467
14.3.4 Numerical Example of Approximation of Polynomial Function 470
14.3.5 Numerical Example with Two Ruptures of the First Kind and a Corner 471
14.4 Problem of Optimization of Wavelet Transformation of Hermite Splines of Any Odd Degree 475
14.4.1 An Algorithm with Splitting for Wavelet Transformation of Hermite Splines of Fifth Degree 478
14.4.2 Examples 485
14.5 Application to Data Processing of Laser Scanning of Roads490
14.5.1 Calculation of Derivatives on Samples 490
14.5.2 Example of Wavelet Compression of One Track of Data of Laser Scanning 490
14.5.3 Modeling of Surfaces 490
14.5.4 Functions of a Package of Applied Programs for Modeling of Routes and Surfaces of Highways 492
14.6 Conclusions 494
References 494
Chapter 1
Mechanical Behavior and Resistance of Structural Glass Beams in Lateral-Torsional Buckling (LTB) with Adhesive Joints
1University of Trieste, Department of Engineering and Architecture, Trieste, Italy
2Ghent University, Department of Structural Engineering, Laboratory for Research on Structural Models - LMO, Ghent, Belgium
*Corresponding author: bedon@dicar.units.it
Abstract
Glass is largely used in practice as an innovative structural material in the form of beams or plate elements able to carry loads. Compared to traditional construction materials, the major influencing parameter in the design of structural glass elements - in addition to their high architectural and aesthetic impacts - is given by the well-known brittle behavior and limited tensile resistance of glass. In this chapter, careful attention is paid to the lateral-torsional buckling (LTB) response of glass beams laterally restrained by continuous adhesive joints, as in the case of glass façades or roofs. Closed-form solutions and finite-element numerical approaches are recalled for the estimation of their Euler's critical buckling moment under various loading conditions. Nonlinear buckling analyses are then critically discussed by taking into account a multitude of mechanical and geometrical aspects. Design recommendations for laterally restrained glass beams in LTB are finally presented.
Keywords: Lateral-torsional buckling (LTB), glass beams, analytical models, finite-element modeling, structural adhesive joints, composite sections, incremental buckling analysis, imperfections, buckling design methods, buckling curve
1.1 Introduction
Glass is largely used in practice as an innovative structural material, e.g. in the form of beams or plate elements able to carry loads. Often, structural glass components are used in structures in combination with other materials, such as timber [1-6] or composites [1, 7-9]. However, especially in façades, roofs, and building envelopes, the use of glass panels combined with steel frames, aluminum bracing systems, or cable nets represents one of the major configurations, for which a wide set of case studies and technological possibilities are available [1, 2, 10-15]. Compared to traditional construction materials, the major influencing parameter in the design of structural glass elements - in addition to their high architectural and aesthetic impact - is given by the well-known brittle behavior and limited tensile resistance of glass. The use of thermoplastic interlayers alternated to two (or more) glass sheets in the form of laminated glass (LG) elements - despite the high sensitivity of the bonding foils to the effects of temperature and load-duration - represents the typical solution for buildings, automotive applications, etc. due to the intrinsic ductility and post-breakage resistance.
In those cases, the typical configurations for structural glass assemblies are often derived - and properly modified, to account for the brittle behavior of glass - from practice of traditional construction materials (e.g. steel structures and sandwich structures). The connections used in such LG assemblies are traditionally properly designed and well-calibrated mechanical connections (e.g. steel fasteners and bolted joints) able to offer a certain structural interaction among multiple glass components. However, due to continuous scientific (material) improvements, technological innovations and architectural demands, recent design trends are often oriented towards the minimization of mechanical joints and toward the development of frameless glazing systems, in which glass to glass interaction is provided by chemical connections such as sealant joints or adhesives only. This is the case for beams, such as glass elements used in practice as stiffeners for façade or roof panels, where the coupling between them is often provided by continuous adhesive joints. From a structural point of view, the effect of such joints can be compared to a partially rigid shear connection, and consequently its mechanical effectiveness should be properly taken into account.
Bolted point fixings or continuous adhesive joints currently represent the two most used typologies of connections and can both be employed in glass façades or roofs, e.g. to provide the mechanical interaction between the glass beams and the supported glass roof panels. While in the first case the bolted connectors and their related effects can often be rationally described in the form of infinitely rigid intermediate restraints, the configuration of glass beams with continuous adhesive joints requires appropriate studies and related analytical methods. Adhesive joints are in fact characterized by moderate shear stiffness, and consequently they act as a continuous, flexible joint between the beams and the connected panels. Adhesives of common use in practice are also characterized by moderate shear/tensile resistance; hence, an appropriate design approach should be taken into account for them, regardless of possible LTB phenomena.
This chapter, in this context, aims to present an extended review of glass beams in LTB, including a discussion of the main influencing parameters, mechanical properties, geometrical aspects, available analytical methods, and finite-element (FE) approaches. A detailed discussion of the LTB mechanical response of glass beams, laterally unrestrained or restrained by means of continuous adhesive joints, will then be proposed.
1.2 Overview on Structural Glass Applications in Buildings
Structural glass applications are mainly associated, in current practice, to aesthetic, architectural or thermal, and acoustic requirements. Glass is, in fact, synonymous of transparency and lightness, hence finds primarily application in building envelopes, roofs, canopies, etc. and solutions in which transparency is mandatory. Major structural glass assemblies - often of complex geometry - are obtained by appropriate conjunct use of glass elements with metal frameworks and substructures (Figure 1.1).
Figure 1.1 Example of structural glass applications in buildings, in conjunction with metal frameworks and substructures. Pictures taken from (a) [16], (b) [17], (c) [18], and (d) [19].
Structural configurations combining glass elements with timber components (Figure 1.2) also represent a solution of large interest for designers and engineers, especially in those applications aiming to strong energy efficiency [24].
Figure 1.2 Example of structural glass applications in buildings, in conjunction with timber components and assemblies. Pictures taken from (a) [20], (b) [21], (c) [22], and (d) [23].
1.3 Glass Beams in LTB
1.3.1 Susceptibility of Glass Structural Elements to Buckling Phenomena
The exposure of structural components in general to significant compression, shear, bending, or a combination of them is the first cause of buckling failure mechanisms (Figure 1.3). As far as these structural elements are slender and/or affected by several influencing parameters, such as initial geometrical imperfections, eccentricities, and residual stresses, the susceptibility to buckling phenomena increases and represents an important issue to be properly predicted and prevented. This is the case of both isotropic and orthotropic plates, beams, columns, but also laminates and composites in general.
Figure 1.3 Buckling phenomena in columns, beams, and plates.
The presence of rather unconventional materials, in particular, represents one of the major influencing parameters to be properly assessed, especially in the presence of materials whose mechanical properties can be affected by time/temperature-dependent degradation. In structural glass beams, a multitude of effects strictly related to mechanical properties, geometrical features, initial imperfections, etc., should be properly taken into account to prevent possible LTB failure mechanisms.
1.3.2 Mechanical and Geometrical Influencing Parameters in Structural Glass Beams
Structural glass beams find primary applications in façades and roofs in the form of stiffeners. There, both mechanical and adhesive joints can be used to provide a certain structural interaction between the glass beams and the supported panels (see Sections 1.3.3 and 1.3.4).
Compared to beams composed of traditional construction materials, such as steel, the out-of-plane bending response of glass fins is characterized by specific mechanical and geometrical aspects that should be properly taken into account when assessing their expected structural response.
First, glass is a material characterized by a relatively small modulus of elasticity E compared to steel, see Table 1.1 and Figure 1.4), and by a typical brittle elastic tensile behavior with limited characteristic strength (Figure 1.4b).
Table 1.1 Soda lime silica glass properties [25].
Symbol Unit Soda lime silica glass Density ? kg/m3 2500 Young's...