Military Laser Technology and Systems

Name: Military Laser Technology and Systems
Brand: Artech House
Price: 184.99 EUR
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David H. Titterton(Author)

Artech House (Publisher)

Published on 30. April 2015

675 pages

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978-1-60807-779-3 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Military Laser Technology and Systems
Contents
Preface
Part I Fundamentals
Chapter 1 Military Laser Technology and Systems
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Laser Development
1.3 Laser Systems Development
1.4 Aim of the Book
1.5 Organisation of the Book
1.5.1 Part I: Lasers and Fundamentals
1.5.2 Part II: Military Laser Systems
1.5.3 Part III: Safe Use, Education, and Training
References
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 2 Laser Action, Components and Definition of Terms
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Laser Classification
2.3 Laser Action and Stimulated Emission
2.3.1 Gain Medium, Pumping and Population Inversion
2.3.2 Laser Transitions
2.3.3 Laser Modes
2.3.4 Near- and Far-Field Beam Profiles
2.4 Oscillators and Amplifiers
2.5 Beam Generation and Its Control
2.5.1 Q-Switching
2.5.2 Cavity Dumping
2.5.3 Mode Locking
2.5.4 Gain Switching
2.5.5 Other Techniques
2.6 Other Laser Components
2.6.1 Mirrors
2.6.2 Coatings
2.6.3 Windows
2.7 Direct and Indirect Wavelength Generation
2.7.1 Optical Parametric Processes
2.7.2 Optical Parametric Oscillators
2.7.3 Phase Matching
2.7.4 Quasi Phase Matching
2.7.5 Harmonic Generation
2.7.6 Raman Conversion
2.7.7 Sum and Difference Frequency Mixing
2.7.8 Super-Continuum Generation
2.8 Performance Characteristic Terms and Parameters
2.8.1 Beam Quality and Divergence
2.8.2 Power
2.8.3 Radiant Intensity
2.8.4 Efficiency
2.8.5 Time to Full Brightness
2.8.6 Pulse Length
2.8.7 Pulse-Repetition Frequency
2.8.8 Duty Cycle and Duty Factor
2.8.9 Quantum Defect
2.8.10 Coherency and Speckle
2.8.11 Beam Stability
2.8.12 Line Width
2.8.13 Tuneability and Diversity
2.8.14 Polarisation
2.9 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 3 Laser Devices for Military Applications
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Military Laser-System Considerations
3.3 Laser-System Specifications and Requirements Definition
3.4 Solid-State Lasers
3.4.1 Future Challenges for Solid-State Devices
3.4.2 Rod Lasers
3.4.3 Slab Lasers
3.4.4 Slod Lasers
3.4.5 Plastic Lasers
3.4.6 Ceramic Lasers
3.5 Fibre Lasers
3.6 Disk Lasers
3.7 Vibronic Lasers
3.8 Liquid-Phase Lasers
3.9 Gas-Phase Lasers
3.9.1 Carbon Dioxide Lasers
3.9.2 Chemical Lasers
3.9.3 Chemical Oxygen Iodine Laser
3.9.4 Explosively Pumped Iodine
3.9.5 Alkali Lasers
3.10 Semiconductor Lasers
3.10.1 Optically Pumped Semiconductor Lasers
3.10.2 Quantum-Cascade Laser
3.10.3 Interband-Cascade Lasers
3.10.4 W Structures
3.10.5 Strain-Engineered Diodes
3.10.6 Optically Pumped Semiconductor Disk Lasers
3.11 Free-Electron Laser
3.12 Cryogenic Lasers
3.13 Cannon Lasers
3.14 Super-Continuum Lasers
3.14.1 Super-Continuum Generation Using Photonic-Crystal Fibre and Planar Waveguides
3.14.2 Filament Ultraviolet Generation
3.15 Waveguide Lasers
3.16 Laser Performance Summary
3.17 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 4 Beam-Director Technology
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Design Considerations for Beam Directors
4.3 Generic Beam-Director/Pointer System for Directed-Energy Systems
4.3.1 Gimbal
4.3.2 Gimbal Functions
4.3.3 Blind Arcs (Blockages)
4.3.4 Optical-Train Design
4.4 Threat-Alerting System
4.5 Target-Tracking Subsystem
4.5.1 Target-Tracking Algorithms
4.5.2 Aim-Point Refinement Techniques
4.6 Pointing Element
4.7 Target Sight-Line Stabilisation
4.8 System Processor
4.8.1 Built-In Test and Boresighting Functions
4.9 Other Functions
4.9.1 Beam Control
4.9.2 Battle-Damage Assessment
4.10 Video Processor
4.11 Power Supply
4.12 Environmental Cover
4.13 Laser-Integration Requirements
4.14 Generic Beam-Director System for Laser-Based Sensing Systems
4.15 Advanced Beam-Steering Techniques
4.16 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 5 Laser-Beam Propagation
5.1 Introduction
5.2 The Earth's Atmosphere
5.3 Beam-Attenuation Mechanisms
5.3.1 Absorption
5.3.2 Scattering
5.3.3 Extinction
5.4 Atmospheric Transmission
5.4.1 Weather
5.4.2 Humidity
5.4.3 Haze, Fog, Cloud and Rain
5.4.4 Summary of Transmission Effects on Beam Propagation
5.5 Models for Prediction of Transmission
5.5.1 Lowtran Model
5.5.2 Modtran Model
5.5.3 Fascode (Laser) Model
5.6 Turbulence
5.6.1 Turbulence Mitigation (Aperture Averaging)
5.6.2 Turbulence Mitigation (Adaptive Optics)
5.6.3 Turbulence Mitigation (Lucky Imaging)
5.6.4 Wind Effects
5.6.5 Summary of Turbulence and Wind Effects
5.7 Thermal Blooming
5.8 Ionisation
5.9 Nonlinear Propagation (Filaments)
5.10 Beam Propagation Through Wakes and Plumes
5.10.1 Propagation Characteristics
5.10.2 Impact on Installed Performance
5.11 Aero-Optical Effects
5.11.1 Aero-Optical Effects Around a Laser-DIRCM Transmitter
5.11.2 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 6 Radiometry, Testing and Evaluation of Laser Systems
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Radiometry
6.2.1 Photometry
6.2.2 Candela and Luminous Intensity
6.2.3 Radiant Flux and Luminous Flux
6.2.4 Radiant Intensity and Luminous Intensity
6.2.5 Irradiance and Illuminance
6.2.6 Radiance and Luminance
6.2.7 Radiant Exitance and Luminous Exitance
6.2.8 Radiant Exposure and Luminous Exposure
6.2.9 Radiant Energy and Luminous Energy
6.2.10 Total Radiant Flux and Total Luminous Flux
6.2.11 Radiance Temperature and Colour Temperature
6.3 System Considerations for Testing and Evaluation
6.3.1 Development Test and Evaluation (DT&E)
6.3.2 Operational Test and Evaluation (OT&E)
6.3.3 Technology Readiness Levels
6.4 Approaches to Testing and Evaluation
6.4.1 Introduction
6.4.2 Test and Evaluation Strategy
6.4.3 Test Design
6.4.4 Test Plan
6.4.5 Flight Trials
6.4.6 Documentation and Compliance
6.4.7 Simulation and Mathematical Modelling
6.4.8 Scale of Testing
6.4.9 Technology Insertion
6.4.10 Test Equipment
6.4.11 Laboratory Testing
6.4.12 Range and Field Trials
6.4.13 Platform Trials
6.5 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Part II Military Systems
Chapter 7 Laser Directed-Energy-Weapon Systems
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Historical Development
7.3 Military Utility
7.4 Summary of Potential Applications
7.5 Benefits of Laser Technology for Novel Systems
7.6 Laser-Beam Target-Interaction Effects
7.7 In-Band Damage Route
7.8 Out-of-Band Damage Route
7.9 Target-Defeat Techniques and Effects
7.9.1 In-Band Defeat
7.9.2 Out-of-Band Defeat
7.10 Basic Laser-Requirement Characteristics of In-Band Novel Weapon Systems
7.11 Basic Laser Characteristics for Out-of-Band Laser-Weapon Systems
7.12 Summary of Laser Requirements for Laser-Weapon Systems
7.13 Target Engagement
7.14 Laser-Weapon Subsystem Definition and Operation
7.15 Beam Control
7.16 Potential Laser Technology for an In-Band Novel Weapon System
7.16.1 Visible Band
7.16.2 Mid-Wave Infrared
7.16.3 Far-Infrared Waveband
7.17 Potential Laser Technology for an Out-of-Band Novel Weapon System
7.18 Tactical High-Power Laser-Weapon Mass and Volume Estimates
7.19 Tactical Laser-Weapon-System Considerations
7.20 Beam-Director Technology
7.21 Laser-Integration Requirements
7.22 System Processor
7.23 Battle-Damage Indication and Assessment
7.24 Concept of Operation
7.25 Future Requirements
7.25.1 Out-of-Band Systems
7.25.2 In-Band Systems
7.26 Myths
7.27 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 8 Laser-Based Electro-Optical Countermeasures
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Military Utility
8.3 System Operation
8.4 Defeat Mechanism
8.5 Pros and Cons of Laser-Based Dazzle Systems
8.6 System-Configuration Options
8.7 Subsystem Description and Functions
8.8 Target Cue
8.9 Laser-Source Characteristics for Electro-Optical Countermeasure (Dazzle) Systems
8.10 Summary of Laser-Source Requirements
8.10.1 Laser Source Options: Visible Band
8.10.2 Laser Source Options: Near-Infrared and Short-Wave Infrared Band
8.10.3 Laser Source Options: Mid-Wave Infrared Band
8.10.4 Laser Source Options: Far-Infrared Band
8.11 Beam Director
8.12 Laser-Integration Requirements
8.13 System Processor
8.14 Target Tracking and Stabilisation
8.15 Future Requirements
8.16 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 9 Laser Directed-Infrared Countermeasures (Laser Jammers)
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Military Utility
9.3 Historical development
9.3.1 Jammer Operation and Development
9.3.2 Laser-Source Technology
9.3.3 Defeat Mechanism
9.3.4 Jam-to-Signal Ratio
9.3.5 Concept of Operation
9.3.6 Principal Directed-Infrared Countermeasure Subsystems
9.3.7 Threat-Warning Subsystem
9.3.8 Beam Director
9.3.9 Directed-Infrared Countermeasure Processor
9.3.10 Infrared-Laser Requirements
9.3.11 Candidate Laser Technologies
9.3.12 Laser Integration
9.4 Open- and Closed-Loop Infrared-Countermeasure Systems
9.4.1 Open-Loop Systems
9.4.2 Closed-Loop IRCM (CLIRCM)
9.5 Future Requirements
9.6 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 10 Laser Range Finders
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Historical Development
10.3 Military Utility
10.4 System Operation
10.5 Laser-Performance Requirements
10.6 Subsystem Description and Function
10.7 Single-Photon Range Finding and Surveillance
10.7.1 Introduction
10.7.2 System Operation
10.7.3 Subsystem Description and Function
10.7.4 Laser Requirements
10.8 Future Requirements
10.9 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 11 Laser-Based Targeting
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Laser Targeting: Burst Illumination/Active Imaging
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Historical Development
11.2.3 Military Utility
11.2.4 System Operation
11.2.5 Laser Performance Requirements
11.2.6 Subsystem Description and Function
11.2.7 Future Requirements
11.2.8 Summary
11.3 Active Spectral Imaging
11.3.1 Introduction
11.3.2 Military Utility
11.3.3 System Configuration
11.3.4 Laser Performance Requirements
11.3.5 Subsystem Description and Function
11.3.6 Future Requirements
11.3.7 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 12 Laser Designation, Guidance and Fuzing
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Laser Designation
12.2.1 Introduction
12.2.2 Historical Development
12.2.3 Military Utility
12.2.4 System Operation
12.2.5 Laser-Performance Requirements
12.2.6 Subsystem Description and Function-
12.2.7 Future Requirements
12.2.8 Summary
12.3 Laser Beam-Rider Guidance
12.3.1 Introduction
12.3.2 Historical Development
12.3.3 Military Utility
12.3.4 Mode of Operation
12.3.5 The Weapon System: Firing Post
12.3.6 Guidance-Beam Generation
12.3.7 Laser Characteristics
12.3.8 Future Requirements
12.4 Laser Fuzing
12.4.1 Introduction
12.4.2 Mode of Operation
12.4.3 Principal Subsystems
12.4.4 Laser Characteristics
12.4.5 Future Requirements
12.4.6 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 13 Laser-Based Remote Sensing
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Introduction to Laser-Radar Systems
13.3 Historical Development
13.4 Military Utility
13.5 Basic Operation of a Laser-Radar System
13.6 Laser-Radar Subsystem Components
13.7 A Simple (Flash) Laser-Radar System
13.8 Dimensions of Laser-Radar Systems
13.9 Automatic Target Recognition
13.10 Laser-Radar Seeker
13.11 Bathymetry and Topographical Mapping
13.12 Obstacle Avoidance
13.13 Vibrometry
13.14 Acousto-Optic Mine Detection
13.15 Remote Detection of Hazardous Substances
13.15.1 Detection Using Infrared Absorption Spectroscopy
13.15.2 Remote-Sensing System Operation
13.5.3 Detection Using Raman Spectroscopy
13.5.4 Super-Continuum Techniques
13.5.5 Other Detection Techniques
13.16 Evolving Remote-Detection Techniques
13.16.1 Photo-Acoustic Spectroscopy
13.16.2 Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy
13.16.3 Stand-Off Terahertz Spectroscopy
13.16.4 Terahertz-Induced Fluorescence
13.17 Noncooperative Identification or Identification Friend or Foe
13.18 Future System Requirements
13.19 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 14 Free-Space Optical Communication Networks
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Basic Principles of Communications
14.2.1 Fundamentals
14.2.2 Military Utility
14.2.3 System Operation
14.3 Free-Space Laser-Based Communications
14.3.1 Point-to-Point Communication Operation
14.4 Short-Range Optical Communication System
14.4.1 Introduction
14.4.2 Short-Range Ultraviolet Nonline-of-Sight Communications
14.4.3 System Performance and Limitations
14.4.4 Laser Requirements
14.5 Retro-Reflective Optical Communications
14.5.1 Introduction
14.5.2 Military Utility
14.5.3 System Operation
14.5.4 Laser Requirements
14.6 Quantum Cryptography
14.6.1 Introduction
14.6.2 Military Utility
14.6.3 System Operation
14.6.4 Laser Requirements
14.6.5 Future Requirements
14.7 Summary
14.7.1 Future Requirements for Optical Communication Systems
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 15 Navigation Sensors
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Historical Development
15.3 Military Utility
15.4 Fundamental Principles
15.5 Ring-Laser Gyroscope
15.5.1 Description of the Ring-Laser Gyroscope
15.5.2 Lock-In Phenomenon
15.5.3 Alleviation of Lock-In
15.5.4 Sources of Error
15.5.5 Laser-Source Requirements
15.5.6 Ring-Laser Performance
15.6 Fibre-Optic Gyroscope
15.6.1 Principle of Operation
15.6.2 Description of the Fibre Gyroscope
15.6.3 Open-Loop Operation
15.6.4 Closed-Loop Operation
15.6.5 Summary of Laser Requirements
15.6.6 Summary of Performance
15.7 Integrated Fibre-Optic Gyroscope
15.7.1 Sources of Error
15.8 Other Optical Sensors
15.8.1 Laser Requirements
15.9 Applications
15.9.1 Artillery Pointing
15.10 Summary
15.10.1 Future Requirements
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 16 Other Emerging Military Applications
16.1 Laser Decoys
16.1.1 Introduction
16.1.2 System Operation
16.1.3 Laser Parameters
16.2 Direct-Fire Simulation
16.2.1 Introduction
16.2.2 Laser Requirements
16.2.3 MILES
16.2.4 System Operation
16.3 Search and Rescue
16.3.1 Introduction
16.3.2 Laser Requirements
16.4 Illumination Aid
16.4.1 Introduction
16.4.2 Laser Requirements
16.5 Small Arms Laser Sight
16.6 Power Beaming
16.6.1 Introduction
16.6.2 Military Utility
16.6.3 Principal Components
16.6.4 Concept of Operation
16.6.5 Laser Requirements
16.6.6 Summary
16.7 Laser Propulsion
16.8 Optical Air-Data Systems
16.8.1 Laser Requirements
16.9 Guided Bullets
16.9.1 Military Utility
16.9.2 Laser Requirements
16.10 Mine Detection
16.10.1 Military Utility
16.10.2 Laser Requirements
16.11 Laser Hydrophone
16.11.1 Military Utility
16.11.2 Principle of Operation
16.11.3 Laser Requirements
16.11.4 Summary
16.12 Summary of Novel Applications
Part III Safe Use, Education, and Training
Chapter 17 Safe Use of Lasers and Legislation
17.1 Introduction
17.2 Effective Laser Safety
17.2.1 The Laser-Safety Standards
17.2.2 Other International Safety Standards
17.3 Hazard Classification of Lasers
17.4 Maximum Permissible Exposure
17.4.1 Hazard Distances
17.4.2 Hazard Zones
17.4.3 Calculation of NOHD and EOHD
17.4.4 Laser Hazard Area Trace
17.4.5 Engineering Controls
17.5 Laser-Safety Officer
17.6 Visiting/Host Nation Interactions
17.7 Potential Hazards to Personnel
17.7.1 Eye Anatomy and Hazards
17.8 Hazards to Skin
17.9 Other Potential Hazards Presented by Lasers (Nonbeam Hazards)
17.10 Summary of Potential Hazards Presented by High-Power Laser Beams
17.11 Common Causes of Laser Incidents
17.12 Laser-Safety Training
17.13 Laser Safety in Practice
17.13.1 Safety-Design Considerations for Laser Research and Development Laboratory
17.14 Laboratory Testing
17.14.1 Engineering Controls
17.15 Safe-Operating Guidelines/Procedures
17.16 Field Testing and Trial Planning
17.17 Planning of Trials
17.18 Range Laser-Safety Officer
17.19 Range-Safety Officer
17.20 Flight Trials
17.20.1 Flight Trials Involving Ground-Based Laser Trials
17.20.2 Aircraft-Based Laser Trials
17.21 Some Additional Safety Thoughts
17.22 Summary
17.23 Legislation
17.23.1 Protocol 4
17.23.2 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Chapter 18 Education and Training
18.1 Introduction
18.2 Doctrine and Concepts
18.3 Training
18.4 Synthetic Environments
18.5 Role of Education
18.6 Training Design
18.7 Equipment Training
18.8 Simulated Training
18.9 Laser-Safety Training
18.10 Equipment for Training
18.11 Summary
Selected Bibliography
Appendix A The Development of Infrared Threat-Seeker Technology
A.1 Introduction
A.2 Generic Optical Seeker
A.3 Target-Tracking Techniques
A.4 Impact of Seeker-Technology Developments
A.5 Imaging-Seeker Technology
A.6 Summary
Appendix B Jammer Development
B.1 Introduction
B.2 Development of Jammer Techniques
B.3 Incoherent Sources for Infrared Jamming
B.3.1 Black Bodies
B.3.2 Arc-Lamp Technology
B.4 Coherent Sources for Infrared Jamming
B.5 Summary
Appendix C Missile-Warning System Technology
C.1 Introduction
C.2 Ultraviolet Missile-Warning System
C.3 Infrared Missile-Warning System
C.4 Two-Colour Missile-Warning Systems
C.5 Summary
Appendix D Rules of Thumb and Guidelines
D.1 Laser-Directed Energy-Applications
D.2 Lasers, Optics and Testing
D.3 Scattering and Propagation
D.4 Systems
D.5 Pointing and Tracking
D.5.1 Analysis
D.5.2 Human Eye
D.5.3 Detectors
D.5.4 Miscellany
Selected Bibliography
Acronyms
Glossary
About the Author
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Military Laser Technology and Systems

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