
Beginning Perl for Bioinformatics
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Content
- Intro
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- What Is Bioinformatics?
- What Bioinformatics Can Do
- About This Book
- Who This Book Is For
- Why Should I Learn to Program?
- Structure of This Book
- Conventions Used in This Book
- Comments and Questions
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1. Biology and Computer Science
- The Organization of DNA
- The Organization of Proteins
- In Silico
- Limits to Computation
- Chapter 2. Getting Started with Perl
- A Low and Long Learning Curve
- Perl's Benefits
- Ease of Programming
- Rapid Prototyping
- Portability, Speed, and Program Maintenance
- Versions of Perl
- Installing Perl on Your Computer
- Perl May Already Be Installed!
- No Internet Access?
- Downloading
- Binary Versus Source Code
- Installation
- Unix and Linux
- Macintosh
- Windows
- How to Run Perl Programs
- Unix or Linux
- Macs
- Windows
- Text Editors
- Finding Help
- Chapter 3. The Art of Programming
- Individual Approaches to Programming
- Edit-Run-Revise (and Save)
- Saves and Backups
- Error Messages
- Debugging
- An Environment of Programs
- Open Source Programs
- Programming Strategies
- The Programming Process
- The Design Phase
- Algorithms
- Pseudocode and Code
- Comments
- Chapter 4. Sequences and Strings
- Representing Sequence Data
- A Program to Store a DNA Sequence
- Control Flow
- Comments Revisited
- Command Interpretation
- Statements
- Variables
- Strings
- Assignment
- Exit
- Concatenating DNA Fragments
- Transcription: DNA to RNA
- Using the Perl Documentation
- Calculating the Reverse Complement in Perl
- Proteins, Files, and Arrays
- Reading Proteins in Files
- Arrays
- Scalar and List Context
- Exercises
- Chapter 5. Motifs and Loops
- Flow Control
- Conditional Statements
- Conditional tests and matching braces
- Loops
- open and unless
- Code Layout
- Finding Motifs
- Getting User Input from the Keyboard
- Turning Arrays into Scalars with join
- do-until Loops
- Regular Expressions
- Regular expressions and character classes
- Pattern matching with =~ and regular expressions
- Counting Nucleotides
- Exploding Strings into Arrays
- Operating on Strings
- Writing to Files
- Exercises
- Chapter 6. Subroutines and Bugs
- Subroutines
- Advantages of Subroutines
- Writing Subroutines
- Scoping and Subroutines
- Arguments
- Scoping
- Command-Line Arguments and Arrays
- Passing Data to Subroutines
- Subroutines: Pass by Reference
- Modules and Libraries of Subroutines
- Fixing Bugs in Your Code
- use warnings
- and use strict
- Fixing Bugs with Comments and Print Statements
- The Perl Debugger
- A program with bugs
- How to start and stop the debugger
- Debugger command summary
- Stepping through statements with the debugger
- Setting breakpoints
- Fixing another bug
- use warnings
- and use strict
- redux
- Exercises
- Chapter 7. Mutations and Randomization
- Random Number Generators
- A Program Using Randomization
- Seeding the Random Number Generator
- Control Flow
- Making a Sentence
- Randomly Selecting an Element of an Array
- Formatting
- Another Way to Calculate the Random Position
- A Program to Simulate DNA Mutation
- Pseudocode Design
- Select a random position in a string
- Choose a random nucleotide
- Place a random nucleotide into a random position
- Improving the Design
- Combining the Subroutines to Simulate Mutation
- A Bug in Your Program?
- Generating Random DNA
- Bottom-up Versus Top-down
- Subroutines for Generating a Set of Random DNA
- Turning the Design into Code
- Analyzing DNA
- Some Notes About the Code
- Exercises
- Chapter 8. The Genetic Code
- Hashes
- Data Structures and Algorithms for Biology
- A Gene Expression Database
- Gene Expression Data Using Unsorted Arrays
- Gene Expression Data Using Sorted Arrays and Binary Search
- Gene Expression Data Using Hashes
- Relational Databases
- DBM
- The Genetic Code
- Background
- Translating Codons to Amino Acids
- The Redundancy of the Genetic Code
- Using Hashes for the Genetic Code
- Translating DNA into Proteins
- Reading DNA from Files in FASTA Format
- FASTA Format
- A Design to Read FASTA Files
- A Subroutine to Read FASTA Files
- Writing Formatted Sequence Data
- A Main Program for Reading DNA and Writing Protein
- Reading Frames
- What Are Reading Frames?
- Translating Reading Frames
- Exercises
- Chapter 9. Restriction Maps and Regular Expressions
- Regular Expressions
- Restriction Maps and Restriction Enzymes
- Background
- Planning the Program
- Restriction Enzyme Data
- Logical Operators and the Range Operator
- Finding the Restriction Sites
- Perl Operations
- Precedence of Operations and Parentheses
- Exercises
- Chapter 10. GenBank
- GenBank Files
- GenBank Libraries
- Separating Sequence and Annotation
- Using Arrays
- Using Scalars
- Pattern modifiers
- Examples of pattern modifiers
- Separating annotations from sequence
- Parsing Annotations
- Using Arrays
- When to Use Regular Expressions
- Main Program
- Parsing Annotations at the Top Level
- Parsing the FEATURES Table
- Features
- Parsing
- Indexing GenBank with DBM
- DBM Essentials
- A DBM Database for GenBank
- Exercises
- Chapter 11. Protein Data Bank
- Overview of PDB
- Files and Folders
- Opening Directories
- Recursion
- Processing Many Files
- PDB Files
- PDB File Format
- SEQRES
- Parsing PDB Files
- Extracting Primary Sequence
- Finding Atomic Coordinates
- Controlling Other Programs
- The Stride Secondary Structure Predictor
- Parsing Stride Output
- Exercises
- Chapter 12. BLAST
- Obtaining BLAST
- String Matching and Homology
- BLAST Output Files
- Parsing BLAST Output
- Extracting Annotation and Alignments
- Parsing BLAST Alignments
- Presenting Data
- The printf Function
- here Documents
- format and write
- Bioperl
- Sample Modules
- Bioperl Tutorial Script
- Exercises
- Chapter 13. Further Topics
- The Art of Program Design
- Web Programming
- Algorithms and Sequence Alignment
- Object-Oriented Programming
- Perl Modules
- Bioperl
- Complex Data Structures
- Relational Databases
- Microarrays and XML
- Graphics Programming
- Modeling Networks
- DNA Computers
- Appendix A. Resources
- Perl
- Web Site
- CPAN: Comprehensive Perl Archive Network
- FAQs: Frequently Asked Questions
- Beginners
- Online Manuals
- Books
- Conference
- Newsgroups
- Computer Science
- Algorithms
- Software Engineering
- Theory of Computer Science
- General Programming
- Linux
- Bioinformatics
- Books
- Governmental Organizations
- Conferences
- Molecular Biology
- Appendix B. Perl Summary
- Command Interpretation
- Comments
- Scalar Values and Scalar Variables
- Strings
- Numbers
- Scalar Variables
- Assignment
- Statements and Blocks
- Arrays
- Hashes
- Operators
- Operator Precedence
- Basic Operators
- Arithmetic Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- String Operators
- File Test Operators
- Conditionals and Logical Operators
- true and false
- Logical Operators
- Using Logical Operators for Control Flow
- The if Statement
- Binding Operators
- Loops
- Input/Output
- Input from Files
- Input from STDIN
- Input from Files Named on the Command Line
- Output Commands
- Output to STDOUT, STDERR, and Files
- Regular Expressions
- Overview
- Metacharacters
- Escaping with \
- Alternation with |
- Grouping with ( )
- Character classes
- Matching any character with .
- Beginning and end of strings with ^ and $
- Quantifiers: * + {MIN,} {MIN,MAX} ?
- Making quantifiers match minimally with ?
- Capturing Matched Patterns
- Metasymbols
- Extending Regular-Expression Sequences
- Pattern Modifiers
- Scalar and List Context
- Subroutines and Modules
- Built-in Functions
- Index
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