
A Reference Grammar of Wappo
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Content
- Cover
- Contents
- List of Tables
- Preface
- Acknowledgements
- Abbreviations
- 1. PHONEMIC INVENTORY AND TRANSCRIPTION
- 2. WORD ORDER
- 3. THE NOUN PHRASE
- 3.1 Order of Elements
- 3.2 Associative Phrases
- 3.3 Case
- 3.3.1 Nominative: -i
- 3.3.2 Accusative: -Ø
- 3.3.3 Dative: -thu
- 3.3.4 Benefactive: -ma
- 3.3.5 Instrumental: -thi?
- 3.3.6 Comitative: -k'a
- 3.3.7 Genitive: -me?
- 3.3.8 Locative
- 3.3.9 Case in noun phrases
- 3.4 Number
- 3.5 Demonstratives
- 3.6 Conjoined NPs
- 3.7 Quantifiers
- 3.8 Non-referential Noun Phrases
- 3.9 Pronouns
- 3.9.1 Personal pronouns
- 3.9.2 Reflexive and reciprocal pronouns
- 3.9.3 The third-person co-referential pronoun
- A. Non-body-part genitives
- B. Complex sentences with dependent clauses
- 4. THE VERB PHRASE
- 4.1 Tense and Aspect
- 4.1.1 Habitual/progressive [ = DUR]
- A. Habitual use
- B. Progressive use
- 4.1.2 Stative [ = STAT
- -khi?]
- A. Simple states
- B. Resultant states
- 4.1.3 Past for actions [ = PST
- -ta?]
- A. Transitive verbs
- B. Intransitive verbs with no resulting state
- 4.1.4 Inchoative [ = INCH
- -is / -es]
- 4.1.5 Future [ = FUT
- -ya:mi? and -si?]
- A. -ya:mi?, more certain
- B. -si?, less certain
- 4.2 Paradigms
- 4.3 Verb Classes
- 4.3.1 DUR classes
- 4.3.2 IMP classes
- 4.3.3 INF classes
- 4.3.4 Pattern of epenthesis in verb paradigms
- A. The A form and B form
- B. Further stem changes
- B.1 DUR forms
- B.2 PST forms
- B.3 STAT forms
- B.4 FUT forms
- B.5 IMP forms
- B.6 NEG forms
- B.7 NEG:FUT and NEG:IMP forms
- B.8 INF forms
- B.9 CAUS forms
- B.10 PASS forms
- B.11 PURP forms
- B.12 -mime? 'go out and X' and -miti? 'go do X' forms
- C. Derivation of paradigms
- 4.4 Directional Prefixes
- 4.4.1 Speaker-oriented directional prefixes
- A. ma- and te-
- A.1 ma- 'away from speaker'
- A.2 te- 'toward speaker'
- B. mu- and tu- (used with a restricted set of verbs)
- B.1 mu- 'away from speaker (far)'
- B.2 tu- 'toward the speaker (from far away)'
- C. mo?o- 'away from speaker' and to?o- 'towards speaker'
- D. mo- 'away from speaker' and to- 'towards speaker'
- E. meh- 'away from speaker' and teh- 'towards speaker'
- 4.4.2 Non-speaker-oriented directional prefixes
- A. ho- 'around'
- B. meh- 'up'
- C. c'a- 'off, away'
- D. c'ah- 'out'
- E. pah- 'put together'
- F. pi- 'accidentally'
- 4.5 Mood
- 4.5.1 k'ah 'desiderative'
- 4.5.2 keye 'optative'
- 4.5.3 ne?-khi? 'deontic'
- 4.6 Imperative
- 4.7 Negation
- 4.8 Passive
- 4.9 Adverbs
- 4.10 Classificatory Verbs: Semantically Specific Verbs of Position and Motion
- 4.11 Evidentiality
- 4.12 The Reflexive and Reciprocal
- 4.12.1 The reflexive
- 4.12.2 The reciprocal
- 5. SIMPLE CLAUSE TYPES
- 5.1 Declarative Clauses
- 5.2 Questions
- 5.2.1 Yes-no questions
- 5.2.2 Question-word questions
- A. The position and use of question words
- B. The "indefinite" prefix i-
- C. Question words as indefinite pronouns
- 5.3 Comparatives
- 5.4 Predicate Nominal Clauses
- 5.5 Existential and Possession Clauses
- 5.5.1 Existential clauses
- 5.5.2 Possession clauses
- 6. COMPLEX SENTENCES
- 6.1 Conjunctions
- 6.1.1 wey 'and'
- 6.1.2 k'ota 'but'
- 6.1.3 cel' 'then'
- 6.1.4 thu? 'so, that's why'
- 6.2 Relativization
- 6.2.1 "Internal Head" constructions
- 6.2.2 The "postposing" strategy
- 6.2.3 "Free" relatives
- 6.3 Causative
- 6.3.1 The suffixal causative
- A. The form of suffixal causative verbs
- B. The form and function of suffixal causative clauses
- 6.3.2 The periphrastic causative
- 6.3.3 The choice between the suffixal and the periphrastic causative
- 6.3.4 The prefixal causative
- 6.4 Sentential Complements
- 6.4.1 Infinitive complements
- A. Subject infinitives
- B. Non-subject infinitives
- 6.4.2 Non-infinitive complements
- 6.4.3 Indirect questions
- A. Indirect question-word questions
- B. Indirect yes-no questions
- 6.5 Adverbial Clauses
- 6.5.1 Purpose clauses
- 6.5.2 Temporal clauses
- A. wen 'when'
- B. su?u 'after'
- C. yela 'before'
- 6.5.3 Conditionals
- A. cel' 'if'
- B. kha COND:NEG
- Appendix: Additional Verb Paradigms
- Bibliography
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