Unit Operations in Environmental Engineering

Preface xi Introduction xvii Part I: Introduction to Principles of Unit Operations 1 1 History of Chemical Engineering and Unit Operations 3 2 Transport Phenomena versus the Unit Operations Approach 7 3 The Conservation Laws and Stoichiometry 11 4 The Ideal Gas Law 19 5 Thermodynamics 27 6 Chemical Kinetics 39 7 Equilibrium versus Rate Considerations 51 8 Process and Plant Design 57 Part II: Fluid Flow 69 9 Fluid Behavior 71 10 Basic Energy Conservation Laws 81 11 Law of Hydrostatics 89 12 Flow Measurement 95 13 Flow Classification 107 14 Prime Movers 121 15 Valves and Fittings 135 16 Air Pollution Control Equipment 145 17 Sedimentation, Centrifugation, and Flotation 157 18 Porous Media and Packed Beds 171 19 Filtration 181 20 Fluidization 193 21 Membrane Technology 205 22 Compressible and Sonic Flow 219 23 Two-Phase Flow 225 24 Ventilation 237 25 Mixing 247 26 Biomedical Engineering 253 Part III: Heat Transfer 265 27 Steady-State Conduction 267 28 Unsteady-State Conduction 275 29 Forced Convection 281 30 Free Convection 289 31 Radiation 299 32 The Heat Transfer Equation 311 33 Double Pipe Heat Exchangers 325 34 Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers 337 35 Finned Heat Exchangers 347 36 Other Heat Transfer Equipment 357 37 Insulation and Refractory 369 38 Refrigeration and Cryogenics 375 39 Condensation and Boiling 391 40 Operation, Maintenance, and Inspection (OM&I) 403 41 Design Principles 411 Part IV: Mass Transfer 419 42 Equilibrium Principles 421 43 Phase Equilibrium Relationships 429 44 Rate Principles 443 45 Mass Transfer Coefficients 453 46 Classification of Mass Transfer Operations 465 47 Characteristics of Mass Transfer Operations 473 48 Absorption and Stripping 485 49 Distillation 495 50 Adsorption 505 51 Liquid-Liquid and Solid-Liquid Extraction 517 52 Humidification 529 53 Drying 543 54 Absorber Design and Performance Equations 555 55 Distillation Design and Performance Equations 571 56 Adsorber Design and Performance Equations 589 57 Crystallization 597 58 Other and Novel Separation Processes 609 Part V: Case Studies 615 59 Drag Force Coefficient Correlation 617 60 Predicting Pressure Drop with Pipe Failure for Flow through Parallel Pipes 621 61 Developing an Improved Model to Describe the Cunningham Correction Factor Effect 623 62 Including Entropy Analysis in Heat Exchange Design 625 63 Predicting Inside Heat Transfer Coefficients in Double-Pipe Exchangers 629 64 Converting View Factor Graphical Data to Equation Form 631 65 Correcting a Faulty Absorber Design 633 66 A Unique Liquid-Liquid Extraction Unit 635 67 Effect of Plate Failure on Distillation Column Performer 639 Appendix A: Units 641 Appendix B: Miscellaneous Tables 649 Appendix C: Steam Tables 653 Appendix D: Basic Calculations 663