Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges

Name: Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges
Brand: Institute of Physics Publishing
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Tracey Temple Melissa Ladyman(Author)

Institute of Physics Publishing

Published on 31. December 2019

300 pages

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978-0-7503-1605-7 (ISBN)

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Intro
Acknowledgements
Editor biographies
Tracey J Temple
Melissa K Ladyman
Contributors
Message from the editors
Abbreviations
Outline placeholder
Introduction to environmental management
Environmental management for defence
Environmental management for military training ranges
A summary of contributions
References
Chapter 1 Scientific principles of environmental management
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Contextualising military training environments
1.3 Behaviour of explosives in the environment
1.3.1 Nitramine explosives
1.3.2 Nitroaromatic explosives
1.3.3 Propellants
1.3.4 3-Nitro-1,2,4-triazol-5-one
1.4 Predicting environmental behaviour of explosives
1.4.1 Laboratory experiments
1.4.2 Computational modelling
1.4.3 Transformation and reaction processes
1.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 2 Characterization of soils on military training ranges
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Background
2.3 Steps in the multi-increment sampling process
2.3.1 Sample quality criteria
2.3.2 Material properties
2.3.3 Theory of sampling
2.3.4 Data evaluation and inference
2.4 Error and error reduction
2.4.1 Magnitude of error
2.4.2 Controlling for error
2.4.3 Other sources of error
2.4.4 Minimizing sampling error
2.5 Sampling
2.5.1 Objectives
2.5.2 Sampling
2.5.3 Sources of error (see section 2.4)
2.5.4 Best practices
2.6 Sampling on snow and ice-a special case
2.7 Sample processing and analysis
2.7.1 How to process multi-increment soil samples to determine energetics
2.7.2 Summary of the sources of error
2.7.3 Analytical processes
2.8 Conclusion
References
Chapter 3 Hydrologeological characterization of military training ranges and production of maps for land management
3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Well location
3.1.2 Preparation of drilling sites and safety procedures
3.1.3 Drilling methods and cleaning procedures
3.1.4 Well components
3.1.5 Well development
3.1.6 Water level measurements
3.1.7 Well purging and groundwater sampling
3.1.8 Analytical methods and quality control
3.1.9 Hydraulic conductivity testing (slug tests)
3.1.10 Conclusion
3.2 Production of maps for land management of range training areas
3.2.1 Introduction
3.2.2 Aquifer vulnerability
3.2.3 Hazard
3.2.4 Risk
3.2.5 Vulnerability of potential receptors
3.2.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 4 Analysis of explosives in the environment
4.1 Sample preparation
4.2 Detection and chemical analysis of explosives
4.2.1 Spectroscopic and spectrometric techniques
4.2.2 Chromatographic techniques
4.3 Conclusion
References
Chapter 5 Environmental management of military ranges with the support of a life-cycle assessment approach
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Life-cycle assessment methodology
5.2.1 Barriers for assessing the toxicological impacts on military ranges with the life-cycle assessment methodology
5.2.2 USEtox method
5.3 Life-cycle assessment of the use of ammunition in military ranges
5.3.1 Description of the generic munition and inventory
5.3.2 Impact assessment
5.4 Discussion of the application of life-cycle assessment methodology to manage military ranges
References
Chapter 6 Hazard assessment of exposure to ammunition-related constituents and combustion products
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Approaches to performing experiments, analyses and evaluations
6.2.1 In silico prediction of emitted products
6.2.2 Laboratory and field testing
6.2.3 Military smokes
6.2.4 Sampling and analysis
6.3 Hazard assessment and evaluation
6.3.1 General background/desktop approaches
6.3.2 In vitro approaches
6.3.3 In vivo approaches
6.4 Recommendations and way forward
6.4.1 Prediction of emitted products
6.4.2 Recommendations for experimental setup and analysis
6.4.3 Developments in toxicity assessment
References
Chapter 7 Review of remediation technologies for energetics contamination in the US
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Background
7.2.1 Analysis of energetic materials in environmental media
7.2.2 Toxicology summary for energetic materials
7.2.3 Development of risk screening levels (RSLs) for energetic materials in soils and groundwater
7.3 Remedial technologies for energetic materials and co-contaminants
7.3.1 Development and scale-up of remediation technologies
7.3.2 Incineration
7.3.3 Composting
7.3.4 Ex situ and in situ biological/chemical reduction-DARAMEND process
7.3.5 Alkaline hydrolysis (AH)
7.3.6 Solidification/stabilization (S/S)
7.3.7 Pump and treat w/granular activated carbon (GAC)
7.3.8 In situ bioremediation (ISB)
7.4 Conclusions and further work
References
Chapter 8 Characterization and monitoring of energetic compounds on training ranges: case studies in Alaska, United States
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Studied ranges
8.3 Methods
8.4 Results and discussion
8.4.1 Range activities
8.4.2 Potential point sources
8.4.3 Fate and transport on ranges
8.5 Conclusion
References
Chapter 9 Heavy metal contamination on small arms shooting ranges
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Methods for contaminated site management
9.2.1 Historical investigation
9.2.2 Technical investigation
9.2.3 Risk assessment
9.2.4 Remediation concept
9.3 Pollutant management techniques
9.3.1 Improve construction properties of artificial backstops
9.3.2 Drainage systems
9.3.3 Avoid protected areas
9.3.4 Adapt military training exercises to the terrain
9.3.5 Correct maintenance and appropriate use of shooting ranges
9.4 Case study shooting range, Flumserberg, Switzerland
9.5 Discussion and conclusion
References
Chapter 10 Metal and energetics survey of the Borris shooting range, Denmark
10.1 Introduction
10.2 History of Borris shooting range
10.3 Conducting the survey
10.3.1 Background
10.3.2 Purpose
10.3.3 Scope
10.4 Compounds
10.5 Sampling
10.5.1 Artillery firing position
10.5.2 Impact area artillery
10.5.3 Anti-tank range
10.5.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
10.5.5 Hand grenade range
10.5.6 Omme Å stream
10.6 Results
10.6.1 Artillery firing position
10.6.2 Impact area artillery
10.6.3 Anti-tank range
10.6.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
10.6.5 Hand grenade range
10.6.6 Omme Å stream
10.7 Assessment
10.7.1 Artillery firing position
10.7.2 Impact area artillery
10.7.3 Anti-tank range
10.7.4 Burn site surplus artillery propellant
10.7.5 Hand grenade range
10.7.6 Omme Å stream
10.8 Conclusion
Chapter 11 Mitigation of the environmental footprint of a munition
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Development of field demilitarization methods in Canada and the USA for the destruction of the excess artillery gun propellant
11.2.1 Introduction
11.2.2 Field demilitarization method for excess gun propellants/Canadian fixed tool
11.3 Introduction
11.3.1 Canadian bullet catcher
11.3.2 Summary
11.4 The development of reactive membranes for adsorption of heavy metals and energetic materials
11.4.1 Introduction
11.4.2 Methodology
11.4.3 Results
11.4.4 Summary
11.5 Investigations on the efficiency of remedial methods for energetic materials: dithionite and lime
11.5.1 Introduction
11.5.2 Testing of remediation technologies
11.5.3 Summary
11.6 Conclusions
References
Chapter 12 Environmental assessment at a Brazilian Army site
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Case study
12.2.1 Methodology
12.2.2 Results and reports
12.2.3 Polluting materials from ammunition detonation
12.2.4 Soil survey
12.2.5 Vegetation survey
12.2.6 Propagation of shock waves
12.3 Conclusions
References
Chapter 13 Bushfire management (Australia)
13.1 Background
13.2 Outline of the Defence Estate
13.3 Defence bushfire management policy
13.4 Case study Marrangaroo/State Mine Fire 2013
13.4.1 Implementations of automatic weather stations
13.4.2 Memorandum of understanding agreements
13.4.3 Wildfire competency for range control officers
13.5 Service delivery model for bushfire management
13.6 Bushfire Management Yampi Sound Training Area
13.7 Conclusion
References
Chapter 14 Greener or insensitive munitions: selecting the best option
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Matrix selection criteria
14.3 Insensitive munitions
14.4 Environmental properties
14.4.1 Human toxicity
14.4.2 Ecotoxicity
14.4.3 Bioavailability
14.4.4 Leaching
14.4.5 Degradation
14.4.6 Recycling
14.5 Costs
14.6 Technical feasibility
14.7 Performance
14.8 Final selection
14.9 Conclusions
References

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Global Approaches to Environmental Management on Military Training Ranges

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