WiMAX Security and Quality of Service
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Preface xv
Acknowledgement xix
List of Contributors xxi
List of Acronyms xxv
List of Figures xxxv
List of Tables xxxix
Part A Introduction 1
1 Overview of End-to-End WiMAX Network Architecture 3
Dr Mohuya Chakraborty and Dr Debika Bhattacharyya
1.1 Introduction 3
1.2 Wireless Primer 4
1.2.1 Wireless Network Topologies 4
1.2.2 Wireless Technologies 4
1.2.3 Performance Parameters of Wireless Networks 5
1.2.4 WiFi and WiMAX 6
1.3 Introduction to WiMAX Technology 6
1.3.1 Operational Principles 7
1.3.2 WiMAX Speed and Range 8
1.3.3 Spectrum 9
1.3.4 Limitations 10
1.3.5 Need for WiMAX 10
1.4 Mobile WiMAX 10
1.4.1 Overview of Mobile WiMAX 10
1.4.2 Handover Process in Mobile WiMAX 11
1.4.3 LTE vs. Mobile WiMAX 12
1.5 Overview of End-to-End WiMAX Network Architecture 12
1.6 Radio Interface Specifications for WiMAX 16
1.6.1 Overview 16
1.6.2 802.16e-2005 Technology 17
1.6.3 Applications 19
1.6.4 WiMAX Simulation Tools 19
1.7 Interoperability Issues in WiMAX 19
1.8 Summary 21
References 22
Part B Security 23
2 WiMAX Security Defined in 802.16 Standards 25
Slim Rekhis and Noureddine Boudriga
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 Overview of 802.16 WMAN Networks 26
2.2.1 IEEE 802.16 Standards and Connectivity Modes 26
2.2.2 Network Architecture 28
2.2.3 Protocol Architecture 31
2.2.4 Network Entry Procedure 32
2.3 Security Requirements for Broadband Access in WMAN Networks 33
2.4 Security Mechanisms in Initial 802.16 Networks 35
2.4.1 Security Associations 35
2.4.2 Use of Certificates 37
2.4.3 PKM Protocol 38
2.4.4 PKM Authorization 38
2.4.5 Privacy and Key Management 41
2.4.6 Data Encryption 42
2.5 Analysis of Security Weaknesses in Initial Versions of 802.16 42
2.5.1 Physical-Level Based Attacks 43
2.5.2 Attacks on Authentication 44
2.5.3 Attacks on Key Management 45
2.5.4 Attacks on Privacy 47
2.5.5 Attacks on Availability 47
2.6 Security Amendments in Recent Versions if IEEE 802.16 48
2.6.1 Authorization, Mutual Authentication and Access Control 48
2.6.2 TEK Three-Way Handshake 50
2.6.3 Encryption and Key Hierarchy 51
2.6.4 Multicast and Broadcast Service (MBS) 52
2.6.5 Security of Handover Schemes 53
2.7 Analysis of Security Weaknesses in 802.16e 54
2.7.1 Attacks on Authorization 54
2.7.2 Analysis of SA-TEK Three-Way Handshake 56
2.7.3 Vulnerability to Denial of Service Attacks 56
2.7.4 Broadcasting and Multicasting Related Weaknesses 58
2.7.5 Weaknesses in Handover Schemes 59
2.8 Further Reading 59
2.9 Summary 60
References 60
3 Key Management in 802.16e 63
Georgios Kambourakis and Stefanos Gritzalis
3.1 Introduction 63
3.2 Privacy Key Management Protocol 64
3.3 PKM Version 1 65
3.4 PKM Version 2 67
3.4.1 Security Negotiation 68
3.4.2 Authentication/Authorization 68
3.4.3 Key Derivation and Hierarchy 70
3.4.4 Three-Way Handshake 72
3.4.5 Key Delivery 74
3.5 Vulnerabilities and Countermeasures 75
3.5.1 Authorization 76
3.5.2 Key Derivation 76
3.5.3 Three-Way Handshake 77
3.5.4 Key Delivery 77
3.5.5 Attacks on Confidentiality 78
3.5.6 MBS Attacks 79
3.5.7 Mesh Mode Considerations 80
3.5.8 Handovers 81
3.6 Comparisons with 802.11/UMTS 81
3.7 Summary 84
References 85
4 WiMAX Network Security 87
Luca Adamo, Romano Fantacci and Leonardo Maccari
4.1 Introduction 87
4.2 WiMAX Network Reference Model 88
4.2.1 Functional Entities 89
4.2.2 Logical Domains 90
4.2.3 Reference Points 90
4.2.4 ASN Profiles 91
4.3 The RADIUS Server 92
4.3.1 Authentication in WiMAX Infrastructure 93
4.4 WiMAX Networking Procedures and Security 95
4.4.1 Handover Procedure 95
4.4.2 DHCP 97
4.4.3 Security Issues 98
4.4.4 Mobile IP Protocol 99
4.4.5 PMIP 100
4.4.6 PMIP Security Considerations 101
4.4.7 CMIP 102
4.4.8 CMIP Security Considerations 103
4.4.9 QoS 104
4.4.10 A Complete Authentication Procedure 104
4.5 Further Reading 105
4.6 Summary 106
References 107
Part C Quality of Service 109
5 Cross-Layer End-to-End QoS Architecture: The Milestone of WiMAX 111
Floriano De Rango, Andrea Malfitano and Salvatore Marano
5.1 Introduction 111
5.2 QoS Definitions 112
5.3 QoS Mechanisms Offered by IEEE 802.16 112
5.3.1 Cross-Layer QoS Architecture 113
5.3.2 MAC Layer Point of View 115
5.3.3 Offering QoS in PMP Mode 117
5.3.4 QoS Introduction in Mesh Mode 121
5.3.5 QoS Application on Packet by Packet Basis 123
5.3.6 PHY Layer Point of View 124
5.3.7 ACM: Adaptive Coding and Modulation 125
5.3.8 Mobility Support in IEEE 802.16 126
5.4 What is Missing in the WiMAX Features? 128
5.4.1 Absences in the MAC Layer 128
5.4.2 Scheduling Algorithm 129
5.4.3 Call Admission Control Algorithm 132
5.4.4 PHY Layer Improvements 133
5.4.5 QoS Based ACM Algorithm 133
5.5 Future Challenges 134
5.5.1 End-to-End QoS in the IP World 134
5.5.2 New Ways to Resolve the WiMAX QoS Problem: Two Interesting Examples 136
5.5.3 Game Theory in the WiMAX Scenario 136
5.5.4 Fuzzy Logic: What Idea to Guarantee QoS? 138
5.5.5 Designing Mobility - Mesh WiMAX 140
5.5.6 How to Extend QoS Mechanisms 140
5.6 Summary 141
References 141
6 QoS in Mobile WiMAX 145
Neila Krichene and Noureddine Boudriga
6.1 Introduction 145
6.2 Architectural QoS Requirements 146
6.2.1 QoS-Related Challenges 146
6.2.2 Architectural Requirements 148
6.3 Mobile WiMAX Service Flows 149
6.3.1 Service Flows 150
6.3.2 Scheduling Services Supporting Service Flows 151
6.3.3 QoS Parameters 153
6.4 Admission Control 154
6.4.1 MAC Layer Connections 154
6.4.2 Bandwidth Request Procedures 156
6.4.3 Bandwidth Allocation Procedures 158
6.5 Scheduling Service 160
6.5.1 Scheduling Architecture in Mobile WiMAX 160
6.5.2 Packet Schedulers Overview 162
6.6 Maintaining QoS During Handover 165
6.6.1 WiMAX Handover Schemes 165
6.6.2 Optimizing Handover to Maintain the Required QoS 168
6.7 Enhancing WiMAX QoS Issues: Research Work 170
6.7.1 New QoS Mechanisms 171
6.7.2 The WEIRD Project 171
6.7.3 WiFi and WiMAX QoS Integration 173
6.8 Further Reading 175
6.9 Summary 176
References 176
7 Mobility Management in WiMAX Networks 179
Ikbal Chammakhi Msadaa, Daniel C^amara and Fethi Filali
7.1 Mobile WiMAX Architecture 180
7.2 Horizontal Handover in 802.16e 183
7.2.1 Network Topology Acquisition 183
7.2.2 Handover Process 186
7.2.3 Fast BS Switching (FBSS) and Macro Diversity Handover (MDHO) 187
Discussion 188
7.3 Optimized 802.16e Handover Schemes 188
7.3.1 L2 Handover Schemes 190
7.3.2 L2-L3 Cross-Layer Handover Schemes 190
7.3.3 Mobile IPv6 Fast Handovers Over IEEE 802.16e Networks 191
Discussion 195
7.4 Vertical Handover 195
7.4.1 Vertical Handover Mechanisms Involving 802.16e Networks 196
7.4.2 IEEE 802.21, Media-Independent Handover Services 197
Discussion 200
7.5 Roaming 200
7.5.1 WiMAX Roaming Interface 203
7.5.2 The Roaming Process 203
7.6 Mobility Management in WiMESH Networks 204
7.7 Conclusion 207
7.8 Summary 207
References 208
Part D Advanced Topics 211
8 QoS Challenges in the Handover Process 213
Marina Aguado, Eduardo Jacob, Marion Berbineau and Ivan Lledo Samper
8.1 Introduction 213
8.2 Handover in WiMAX 214
8.3 The IEEE802.16 Handover Process 215
8.3.1 The Network Entry Procedure 215
8.3.2 Network Topology Advertising and Acquisition 218
8.3.3 The Association Procedure 220
8.3.4 Handover Stages in the IEEE 802.16 Standard 221
8.3.5 Handover Execution Methods 225
8.4 The Media Independent Handover Initiative - IEEE 802.21 227
8.4.1 MIH Interactions with Layer 2 and Layer 3 Protocols 229
8.4.2 MIH Scope and Limitations 229
8.5 Enhancing the Handover Process 230
8.5.1 Fast Ranging Mechanism 230
8.5.2 Seamless Handover Mechanism 231
8.5.3 Initiatives in the Cell Reselection Stage 232
8.5.4 Initiatives in the Execution Stage 232
8.6 Handover Scheduling 233
8.7 Handover Performance Analysis 234
8.8 Summary 238
References 238
9 Resource Allocation in Mobile WiMAX Networks 241
Tara Ali Yahiya
9.1 Introduction 241
9.2 Background on IEEE 802.16e 242
9.2.1 The Medium Access Control Layer - MAC 242
9.2.2 The Physical Layer - PHY 243
9.3 System Model 248
9.4 OFDMA Key Principles-Analysis and Performance Characterizations 249
9.4.1 Multiuser Diversity 249
9.4.2 Adaptive Modulation and Coding - Burst Profiles 250
9.4.3 Capacity Analysis - Time and Frequency Domain 250
9.4.4 Mapping Messages 252
9.5 Cross-Layer Resource Allocation in Mobile WiMAX 252
9.6 Channel Aware Class Based Queue (CACBQ) - The Proposed Solution 253
9.6.1 System Model 253
9.6.2 Channel Aware Class Based Queue (CACBQ) Framework 255
9.7 Summary and Conclusion 257
References 258
10 QoS Issues and Challenges in WiMAX and WiMAX MMR Networks 261
Kiran Kumari, Srinath Narasimha and Krishna M. Sivalingam
10.1 Introduction 261
10.1.1 Motivation 262
10.2 Multimedia Traffic 263
10.2.1 Voice Codecs 264
10.2.2 Video Codecs 265
10.2.3 QoS Specifications 267
10.2.4 QoS Effectiveness Measures 268
10.3 Multimedia: WiFi versus WiMAX 269
10.3.1 Limitations of Wireless LAN Technologies 269
10.3.2 WiMAX MAC Layer 270
10.3.3 QoS Architecture for WiMAX 272
10.4 QoS Scheduling in WiMAX Networks 273
10.4.1 Max-Min Weighted Fair Allocation 274
10.4.2 Deficit Fair Priority Queue 274
10.4.3 Weighted Fair Queuing 275
10.4.4 Weighted Fair Priority Queuing 275
10.5 Voice Traffic Scheduling in WiMAX 276
10.5.1 Lee's Algorithm 276
10.5.2 UGS with Activity Detection Scheduling (UGS-AD) 277
10.5.3 Extended-rtPS Scheduling 277
10.5.4 Multi-Tap Scheduling 278
10.6 Video Traffic Scheduling in WiMAX 279
10.6.1 Opportunistic Scheduling 279
10.6.2 Opportunistic DRR 281
10.6.3 Summary 282
10.7 Introduction to WiMAX MMR Networks 282
10.7.1 How WiMAX MMR Networks Work 284
10.7.2 Performance Impact 286
10.7.3 Radio Resource Management Strategies 287
10.8 Scheduling in WiMAX MMR Networks 288
10.8.1 Objectives of Scheduling 288
10.8.2 Constraints on Scheduling 289
10.8.3 Diversity Gains 290
10.9 Basic Wireless Scheduling Algorithms 290
10.9.1 Round Robin Scheduling 290
10.9.2 Max-SINR Scheduling 291
10.9.3 Extension for Multi-Hop Case 291
10.9.4 Proportional Fair Scheduling 292
10.9.5 Extension for Multi-Hop Case 292
10.9.6 Performance Comparison 293
10.9.7 The PFMR Scheduling Algorithm 293
10.10 Scheduling Algorithms for WiMAX MMR Networks 294
10.10.1 The Scheduling Problem 294
10.10.2 The GenArgMax Scheduling Algorithm 295
10.10.3 The TreeTraversingScheduler Algorithm 297
10.10.4 The FastHeuristic16j Scheduling Algorithm 299
10.10.5 Improved Hop-Specific Scheduling Algorithms 300
10.10.6 Performance Evaluation 302
10.11 Further Reading 304
10.12 Summary 305
References 305
11 On the Integration of WiFi and WiMAX Networks 309
Tara Ali Yahiya and Hakima Chaouchi
11.1 Introduction 309
11.2 General Design Principles of the Interworking Architecture 310
11.2.1 Functional Decomposition 310
11.2.2 Deployment Modularity and Flexibility 310
11.2.3 Support for Variety of Usage Models 311
11.2.4 Extensive use of IETF Protocols 311
11.3 WiFi/Mobile WiMAX Interworking Architecture 311
11.4 Network Discovery and Selection 313
11.5 Authentication and Security Architecture 314
11.5.1 General Network Access Control Architecture 314
11.5.2 EAP and PANA 316
11.5.3 RADIUS and Diameter 317
11.6 Security in WiFi and WiMAX Networks 318
11.6.1 Security in WiFi 318
11.6.2 Security in WiMAX 319
11.6.3 Security Consideration in WiFi-WiMAX 320
11.6.4 WiFi-WiMAX Interworking Scenarios 321
11.7 Mobility Management 324
11.7.1 Handover Support 325
11.7.2 Cell Selection 325
11.7.3 IP for Mobility Management 326
11.7.4 Session Initiation Protocol for Mobility Management 326
11.7.5 Identity Based Mobility 328
11.8 Quality of Service Architecture 330
11.8.1 End-to-End QoS Interworking Framework 330
11.8.2 QoS Considerations 332
11.9 Summary 335
References 335
12 QoS Simulation and An Enhanced Solution of Cell Selection for WiMAX Network 337
Xinbing Wang, Shen Gu, Yuan Wu and Jiajing Wang
12.1 Introduction 337
12.2 WiMAX Simulation Tools - Overview 338
12.2.1 NS2 338
12.2.2 OPNet Modeler 338
12.2.3 QualNet 339
12.3 QoS Simulation of WiMAX Network 339
12.3.1 Performance Comparison Between Different Services 339
12.3.2 Mobility Support 344
12.4 Analysis of QoS Simulation Results 353
12.4.1 Fixed SSs 353
12.4.2 Mobile SSs with Same Speed 356
12.4.3 Mobile SSs with Varying Speed 356
12.5 Enhancement - A New Solution of Cell Selection 356
12.5.1 System Model 356
12.5.2 Simulation Result 360
12.6 Summary 363
References 363
Appendix List of Standards 365
Index 371
