Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis
Description
Unique and authoritative reference combining concepts, theories, and hands-on analysis in the ArcGIS Pro software environment
Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis bridges the gap between academic discussions and research with public and private professional practices in the field. The book discusses and illustrates essential concepts and theories, with tutorials showing students how to conduct hands-on analysis in the ArcGIS Pro software environment.
Supplementary material for this text includes data files for the tutorials and student exercises. All datasets are sourced from public domains, including the US Census Bureau data, the New York State ITS Geospatial Services, the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (NYSDEC), the GIS Services of Erie County New York, and others.
Written by a highly qualified academic, the book covers topics such as:
- Digital data models representing geographic information, including vector, raster, and 3D models
- Methods of spatial data input in vector and raster data formats to incorporate geographic features and events with their attribute data
- Geographic data collections in natural sciences, engineering, and social sciences, and relational, spatial, and structural querying of a database
- Coordinate systems, map projection, geo-referencing, geographic analyses, and internet-enabled geographic information sharing
- Spatial interpolation and spatial statistical analysis, network analysis, digital mapping, and map presentations
Fundamentals of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) Analysis is an essential reference for GIS analysts and technicians, urban planners, civil engineers, and computer scientists, along with students in related programs of study.
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Tao Tang is a Professor of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing in the Department of Geosciences at Buffalo State University and The State University of New York (SUNY). Along with GIS and remote sensing, he also teaches map interpretation, physical geography, and the geography of Asia. Some of his research interests include slope form and processes, environmental modeling, and watershed management.
Content
Preface x
Acknowledgment xi
About the Author xii
About the Companion Website xiii
Part I Foundations of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 1
1 Introduction to Analyses in Geographic Information Systems (GIS) 3
Concepts and Theories 3
What Is an Information System? 6
What Does Geography Study? 7
What Is a GIS? 7
2 Digital Data Models Representing Geographic Information 37
Concepts and Theories 37
Vector Data Format 37
Points 38
Lines 39
Polygons or Areas 39
Raster Data Format 46
Run-length Encoding 49
Quadtree Method 50
Tracing or Digitizing 52
Extracting Vector Objects in Points, Lines, or Polygons from Raster Data 53
3D GIS Data Models or Data Format 53
Triangulated Irregular Network 53
Digital Elevation Models 54
LiDAR Point Cloud 54
Part II Fundamentals of Geographic Information Data Processing 81
3 Geographic Information Database and Database Management 83
Concepts and Theories 83
Methods of Spatial Data Input in Vector and Raster Data Formats 84
Incorporating Geographic Features and Events with Their Attribute Data 88
RDB, Spatial, and Structural Querying of Database 91
4 Geographic Information Data Gathering and Data Collections 121
Concepts and Theories 121
Geographic Information Primary (Original) Data Collections 121
Geographic Data Collections in Natural Science and Engineering: Survey of Geospatial Data 122
Geographic Data Collections in Social Sciences 130
Remote Sensing as the Method of GI Data Collections 133
5 Coordinate Systems, Map Projection, and Geo-referencing in GIS 171
Concepts and Theories 171
Modeling of the Earth 171
Horizontal and Vertical Datums for Measuring and Representing GIS Data 172
Geographic Coordinate System and Projected Coordinate Systems for GIS Data Referencing 172
Relative Geographic Coordinate (Referencing) Systems 184
Linear Referencing System 195
Part III Fundamentals of Geographic Information Analysis 217
6 Basic Spatial (Geographic) Analyses in Vector Data Environment 219
Concepts and Theories 219
Distance Calculation, Extract Spatial Data, and Create New Datasets 219
Buffering Operations 224
Overlay Spatial Data and Create New Datasets 226
Add and Calculate Attribute Fields in Spatial Datasets 232
Summarize, Calculate Statistics, and Aggregate Attributes or Features for Spatial Datasets 233
Model Relationships of Spatial Objects and Features 234
Discover Geographic Patterns of Spatial Objects and Features 237
7 Basic Spatial Analyses in Raster Data Environment 261
Concepts and Theories 261
Distance Operations 262
Local Raster Operations 265
Neighborhood or Focal Operations 269
Zonal Operations 270
Global Operations 271
Spatial Data (Map) Algebra 272
8 Three-dimensional (3D) Spatial Analyses 305
Concepts and Theories 305
Urban and Regional Planning 306
Part IV Advanced Concepts and Applications of Geographic Information Analysis 347
9 Spatial Interpolation and Spatial Statistical Analysis 349
Concepts and Theories 349
Spatial Descriptive Statistics 349
Spatial Inferential Statistics 357
Multi-variable Spatial Statistical Analysis 365
10 Network Analysis 417
Concepts and Theories 417
Utility or River Network Analysis 418
Fully Functioning or Transportation Network Analysis 430
11 Spatial (Geographic) Modeling in GIS and Issues of GIS Software Enhancement 471
Concepts and Theories 471
GIS Spatial Analysis and GIS Spatial Modeling 471
Part V Geographic Information Presentations and Digital Mapping 509
12 Digital Mapping, Map Presentations, Cartography, and Geographic Information Sharing - A Summary 511
Concepts and Theories 511
Principles of Symbolizing the Spatial Data on Digital Maps 512
Principles of Color and Color Schemes on Digital Maps 513
Attribute Data Types and Thematic Mapping in GIS 516
Symbolization of Vector Data on Digital Maps 517
Map Scale and Abstraction 521
Index 545
