Principles of Polymer Processing
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"The long awaited new edition...provides an extensive discussion of all relevant topics...usable as a...course resource, 'Processing' is also of great value to practitioners." (CHOICE, January 2007)More details
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Content
1 History Structural Formulation of the Field Through Elementary Steps and Future Perspectives 1
1.1 Historical Notes 1
1.2 Current Polymer Processing Practice 7
1.3 Analysis of Polymer Processing in Terms of Elementary Steps and Shaping Methods 14
1.4 Future Perspectives: From Polymer Processing to Macromolecular Engineering 18
2 The Balance Equations and Newtonian Fluid Dynamics 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.2 The Balance Equations 26
2.3 Reynolds Transport Theorem 26
2.4 The Macroscopic Mass Balance and the Equation of Continuity 28
2.5 The Macroscopic Linear Momentum Balance and the Equation of Motion 32
2.6 The Stress Tensor 37
2.7 The Rate of Strain Tensor 40
2.8 Newtonian Fluids 43
2.9 The Macroscopic Energy Balance and the Bernoulli and Thermal Energy Equations 54
2.10 Mass Transport in Binary Mixtures and the Diffusion Equation 60
2.11 Mathematical Modeling Common Boundary Conditions Common Simplifying Assumptions and the Lubrication Approximation 60
3 Polymer Rheology and Non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 79
3.1 Rheological Behavior Rheometry and Rheological Material Functions of Polymer Melts 80
3.2 Experimental Determination of the Viscosity and Normal Stress Difference Coefficients 94
3.3 Polymer Melt Constitutive Equations Based on Continuum Mechanics 100
3.4 Polymer Melt Constitutive Equations Based on Molecular Theories 122
4 The Handling and Transporting of Polymer Particulate Solids 144
4.1 Some Unique Properties of Particulate Solids 145
4.2 Agglomeration 150
4.3 Pressure Distribution in Bins and Hoppers 150
4.4 Flow and Flow Instabilities in Hoppers 152
4.5 Compaction 154
4.6 Flow in Closed Conduits 157
4.7 Mechanical Displacement Flow 157
4.8 Steady Mechanical Displacement Flow Aided by Drag 159
4.9 Steady Drag-induced Flow in Straight Channels 162
4.10 The Discrete Element Method 165
5 Melting 178
5.1 Classification and Discussion of Melting Mechanisms 179
5.2 Geometry Boundary Conditions and Physical Properties in Melting 184
5.3 Conduction Melting without Melt Removal 186
5.4 Moving Heat Sources 193
5.5 Sintering 199
5.6 Conduction Melting with Forced Melt Removal 201
5.7 Drag-induced Melt Removal 202
5.8 Pressure-induced Melt Removal 216
5.9 Deformation Melting 219
6 Pressurization and Pumping 235
6.1 Classification of Pressurization Methods 236
6.2 Synthesis of Pumping Machines from Basic Principles 237
6.3 The Single Screw Extruder Pump 247
6.4 Knife and Roll Coating Calenders and Roll Mills 259
6.5 The Normal Stress Pump 272
6.6 The Co-rotating Disk Pump 278
6.7 Positive Displacement Pumps 285
6.8 Twin Screw Extruder Pumps 298
7 Mixing 322
7.1 Basic Concepts and Mixing Mechanisms 322
7.2 Mixing Equipment and Operations of Multicomponent and Multiphase Systems 354
7.3 Distribution Functions 357
7.4 Characterization of Mixtures 378
7.5 Computational Analysis 391
8 Devolatilization 409
8.1 Introduction 409
8.2 Devolatilization Equipment 411
8.3 Devolatilization Mechanisms 413
8.4 Thermodynamic Considerations of Devolatilization 416
8.5 Diffusivity of Low Molecular Weight Components in Molten Polymers 420
8.6 Boiling Phenomena: Nucleation 422
8.7 Boiling-Foaming Mechanisms of Polymeric Melts 424
8.8 Ultrasound-enhanced Devolatilization 427
8.9 Bubble Growth 428
8.10 Bubble Dynamics and Mass Transfer in Shear Flow 430
8.11 Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of Polymer Melt Devolatilization 433
9 Single Rotor Machines 447
9.1 Modeling of Processing Machines Using Elementary Steps 447
9.2 The Single Screw Melt Extrusion Process 448
9.3 The Single Screw Plasticating Extrusion Process 473
9.4 The Co-rotating Disk Plasticating Processor 506
10 Twin Screw and Twin Rotor Processing Equipment 523
10.1 Types of Twin Screw and Twin Rotor-based Machines 525
10.2 Counterrotating Twin Screw and Twin Rotor Machines 533
10.3 Co-rotating Fully Intermeshing Twin Screw Extruders 572
11 Reactive Polymer Processing and Compounding 603
11.1 Classes of Polymer Chain Modification Reactions Carried out in Reactive Polymer Processing Equipment 604
11.2 Reactor Classification 611
11.3 Mixing Considerations in Multicomponent Miscible Reactive Polymer Processing Systems 623
11.4 Reactive Processing of Multicomponent Immiscible and Compatibilized Immiscible Polymer Systems 632
11.5 Polymer Compounding 635
12 Die Forming 677
12.1 Capillary Flow 680
12.2 Elastic Effects in Capillary Flows 689
12.3 Sheet Forming and Film Casting 705
12.4 Tube Blown Film and Parison Forming 720
12.5 Wire Coating 727
12.6 Profile Extrusion 731
13 Molding 753
13.1 Injection Molding 753
13.2 Reactive Injection Molding 798
13.3 Compression Molding 811
14 Stretch Shaping 824
14.1 Fiber Spinning 824
14.2 Film Blowing 836
14.3 Blow Molding 841
15 Calendering 865
15.1 The Calendering Process 865
15.2 Mathematical Modeling of Calendering 867
15.3 Analysis of Calendering Using FEM 873
Appendix A Rheological and Thermophysical Properties of Polymers 887
Appendix B Conversion Tables to the International System of Units (SI) 914
Appendix C Notation 918
Author Index 929
Subject Index 944
