Technology and Applications of Polymers Derived from Biomass

Name: Technology and Applications of Polymers Derived from Biomass
Brand: Elsevier
Price: 143.0 EUR
Availability: OnlineOnly

Syed Ali Ashter(Author)

Elsevier (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 1. December 2017

286 pages

E-Book

ePUB with digital watermarking

System requirements

978-0-323-51116-2 (ISBN)

€143.00incl. 7% vat

System requirements

for ePUB with digital watermarking

E-Book Single Licence

Available for download

Description

More details

Other editions

Content

Front Cover
Technology and Applications of Polymers Derived from Biomass
Copyright
Dedication
Contents
Preface
Acknowledgment
Chapter 1: Introduction
1.1. Background
1.2. Applications of biomass
1.2.1. Energy and transportation
1.2.2. Products
1.3. Understanding global markets
1.3.1. Wood bioenergy markets
1.3.2. Power sector
1.3.3. Gasification market
1.4. Current market trends
1.5. Limitations
References
Chapter 2: Biomass and its sources
2.1. Definition
2.2. Difference between biomass and fossil-based fuels
2.3. Historical developments
2.4. Properties of biomass
2.4.1. Physical properties
2.4.1.1. Shape and size of biomass particles
2.4.1.2. Aspect ratio of biomass particles
2.4.1.3. Sphericity of particles
2.4.1.4. Particle size distribution
2.4.1.5. Density of biomass
2.4.1.6. Porosity
2.4.1.7. Densification of biomass
2.4.2. Chemical properties
2.4.2.1. Chemical composition
2.4.2.2. Elemental composition
2.4.2.3. Equilibrium moisture content
2.4.3. Mechanical properties
2.5. Categories of biomass materials
2.6. Sources of biomass
2.7. Types of biomass system
2.7.1. Closed-loop biomass system [19]
2.7.2. Open-loop biomass system
2.8. Handling of biomass
2.9. Advantages of biomass
2.10. Composition of biomass
2.10.1. Thermogravimetric analysis
2.10.2. Ultimate analysis
2.10.3. Proximate analysis
2.10.4. Basis of expressing biomass composition
2.10.4.1. As-received basis
2.10.4.2. Air-dry basis
2.10.4.3. Total dry basis
2.10.4.4. Dry-ash free basis
2.10.5. Heating value of fuel
2.10.5.1. Higher heating value
2.10.5.2. Lower heating value
2.10.6. Stoichiometric calculations for complete combustion
2.10.7. Composition of the product gas of gasification
2.11. Challenges of biomass commercialization
References
Further reading
Chapter 3: Chemistry of biomass
3.1. Introduction
3.2. Review of chemistry
3.2.1. Organic chemistry
3.2.1.1. Ethers
3.2.1.2. Organic compounds containing carbonyl groups
3.2.1.3. Alkanes
3.2.1.4. Alkenes
3.2.1.5. Alkynes
3.2.1.6. Aromatic compounds
3.2.1.7. Alcohols
3.2.2. Carbohydrate chemistry
3.2.2.1. Monosaccharides
3.2.2.2. Disaccharides and glycosidic bonds
3.3. Starch
3.4. Cellulose
3.5. Vegetable oil
3.6. Extractives
References
Further reading
Chapter 4: Chemistry of cellulosic polymers
4.1. Introduction
4.2. Review of chemistry
4.2.1. Cellulose esters
4.2.1.1. Cellulose acetate (CA)
4.2.1.2. Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB)
4.2.1.3. Cellulose acetate propionate (CAP)
4.2.2. Celluloid
4.3. Lignin
4.4. Hemicellulose
4.5. Lignocellulosic
References
Chapter 5: Biomass conversion approaches
5.1. Introduction
5.2. Classes of raw biomass
5.2.1. Wood
5.2.2. Energy crops
5.2.3. Agricultural residues
5.2.4. Food wastes
5.2.5. Industrial waste
5.3. Conversion of biomass into energy
5.3.1. Photosynthesis
5.3.2. Direct combustion process
5.3.2.1. Cofiring
5.3.2.2. Cogeneration
5.3.2.3. Direct-fired gas turbine technology
5.3.3. Thermochemical process
5.3.3.1. Combustion
5.3.3.2. Pyrolysis
Types of pyrolysis
Pyrolysis reactors
Bubbling fluidized bed reactor
Circulating fluidized bed reactor
Auger reactor
Ablative reactors
5.3.3.3. Carbonization
5.3.3.4. Gasification
5.3.3.5. Catalytic liquefaction
5.3.4. Biochemical process
5.3.4.1. Anaerobic digestion
5.3.4.2. Ethanol fermentation
5.3.4.3. Methane production in landfills
5.4. Bio-oil
5.5. Bio-char
5.6. Biofuels
5.6.1. Bioethanol
5.6.2. Biodiesel
5.7. Biorefinery
References
Further reading
Chapter 6: Manufacturing Industrial Chemicals from Biomass
6.1. Introduction
6.2. Sugar-derived industrial chemicals
6.2.1. 2,5-Furandicarboxylic acid
6.2.2. 3-Hydroxypropionic acid
6.2.3. l-Aspartic acid
6.2.4. Glucaric acid
6.2.5. Glutamic acid
6.2.6. Levulinic acid
6.2.7. 3-Hydroxybutyrolactone
6.2.8. 1,2,3-Propanetriol
6.2.9. Sorbitol
6.2.10. Xylitol
6.3. Plant-derived industrial chemicals
6.3.1. Oleochemicals
6.3.1.1. Acids
6.3.1.2. Methyl or alkyl esters
6.3.1.3. Alcohols
6.3.1.4. Fatty amines
6.3.2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA)
6.4. Catalytic-derived industrial chemicals
6.4.1. Succinic acid
6.4.2. Fumaric acid
6.4.3. Malic acid
6.4.4. Itaconic acid
6.5. Pyrolysis-derived industrial chemicals
6.5.1. Levoglucosan
6.5.2. Levoglucosenone
6.6. Gasification-derived industrial chemicals
6.6.1. Synthesis gas
6.6.2. Tar chemicals
References
Further reading
Chapter 7: Derivation of monomers from biomass
7.1. Introduction
7.2. Derivation of monomers by gasification
7.2.1. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons
7.2.2. Dioxins and furans
7.3. Derivation of monomers by fermentation
7.3.1. 4-Hydroxyphenyllactic acid
7.3.2. Microbial monomers
7.3.2.1. Lignin monomers
References
Further reading
Chapter 8: Polymerization of biomass-based-monomers
8.1. Introduction
8.2. Furans
8.2.1. Furfural
8.2.2. Free radical polymerization
8.2.3. Cationic polymerization
8.2.4. Anionic polymerization
8.3. Rosin
8.4. Terpenes
8.4.1. Conventional cationic polymerization
8.4.1.1. ß-Pinene
8.4.1.2. a-Pinene
8.4.2. Living cationic polymerization
8.4.2.1. Homopolymerization of ß-pinene
8.4.3. Living cationic radical copolymerization with synthetic monomers
8.4.4. Radical polymerization of monoterpenes
8.4.4.1. Copolymerization using pinenes
8.4.4.2. Copolymerization of limonene
8.4.4.3. Copolymerization of monoterpene alcohols
8.5. Glycerol
8.6. Vegetable Oils
8.6.1. Polymerization approaches
8.6.1.1. Fusion process
8.6.1.2. Solvent process
8.7. Tannins
8.7.1. Polymerization
8.7.1.1. Hydrolyzable tannins
8.7.1.2. Condensed or polyflavonoid tannins
8.8. Lignin
8.9. Suberin
References
Further reading
Chapter 9: Direct derivatives of polymers from biomass
9.1. Introduction
9.2. Epoxy resin from biomass
9.3. Six-carbon compounds
9.3.1. Sorbitol
9.3.2. 2,5-Furan dicarboxylic acid
9.3.3. LA derivatives
9.4. 3-HPA derivatives
9.5. Glucaric acid derivatives
9.6. Derivatives from microbial polymers
9.7. Xylan derivatives
References
Chapter 10: Processing of biomass-derived polymers
10.1. Introduction
10.2. Production using heterogeneous and homogeneous catalysis
10.2.1. Lignocellulosic biomass
10.2.1.1. Pretreatment of biomass source
10.2.1.2. Fractionation
Lignocellulose fractionation
Acid-based fractionation
Ionic liquid-based fractionation
10.2.1.3. Classical chemical methodology
Catalysis
Condensation polymerization
10.2.1.4. Fermentation
10.2.1.5. Ionic liquid-phase reaction
10.2.1.6. Direct biological conversion
Extraction
Enzymatic transformation
10.2.2. C1-C6 molecules
10.2.2.1. Biogas
Liquid manure storage and feeding system
Disinfection unit
Pit storage digesters with stirrers and foil covering
Storage tank or lagoon
Motor or cogeneration unit
10.2.2.2. Syngas
10.2.2.3. Ethanol
10.2.3. Oleaginous biomass
10.2.3.1. Lipids
10.3. Production of second-generation bioethanol
10.3.1. Fermentation
10.3.1.1. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation
10.3.1.2. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation
10.3.1.3. Simultaneous saccharification and cofermentation
10.3.1.4. Consolidated bioprocessing
10.3.1.5. Very-high-gravity fermentation
References
Chapter 11: Material and energy balance for conversion of biomass materials
11.1. Introduction
11.2. Basic principles
11.3. The Sankey diagram
11.3.1. Example 1: CO2 reduction by using biomass from the pulp industry
11.3.2. Example 2: Efficiency of Rosenheim wood gasifier
11.3.3. Example 3: Biomass 2-in-1 flipped Sankey diagram
11.3.4. Example 4: Bio-char slow pyrolysis process
11.4. Application benefits of Sankey diagram
11.5. Creating Sankey diagram
11.6. Material balances
11.7. Energy balances
11.7.1. Heat balances
11.8. Other forms of energy
11.9. Guidelines for material and energy balance
References
Chapter 12: Applications of biomass-derived polymers and chemicals
12.1. Introduction
12.2. Automotive
12.2.1. Bio-polyamide
12.2.2. Polylactic acid
12.2.3. Polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs)
12.2.4. Polycaprolactone (PCL)
12.2.5. Succinic acid
12.3. Packaging
12.3.1. Cellulose acetate
12.3.2. Polyethylene furanoate (PEF)
12.3.3. Bio-polyamide
12.3.4. Polybutyrate adipate terephthalate
12.3.5. Polybutylene succinate (PBS)
12.3.6. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
12.3.7. Polylactic acid
12.4. Horticulture
12.4.1. Polybutylene succinate (PBS)
12.4.2. Polyhydroxyalkanoates
12.4.3. Levulinic acid
12.5. Medical devices/biomedical
12.6. Pharmaceutical/hygiene
12.6.1. Ethanol
12.6.2. Polyhydroxyalkanoate
12.6.3. Levulinic acid
12.6.4. Succinic acid
12.7. Filtration/purification
References
Further reading
Chapter 13: Environmental impact of biomass conversion
13.1. Introduction
13.2. Life cycle assessment
13.3. Benefits of LCA
13.4. Biomass feedstocks and carbon emission
13.5. Estimating carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions
13.5.1. Continuous emissions monitoring system
13.5.1.1. Calculating hourly emissions from concentration measurements
13.5.1.2. Calculating stack gas flow rate
13.5.1.3. Calculating emission factors from heat input
13.5.2. Predictive emissions monitoring
13.5.3. Fuel analysis method
13.5.4. Steps for estimating emissions
References
Index
Back Cover

System requirements

Save as PDF Copy link into clipboard

Schweitzer Fachinformationen

Technology and Applications of Polymers Derived from Biomass

Description

More details

Other editions

Additional editions

Content

System requirements