Environmental Problem-Solving: Balancing Science and Politics Using Consensus Building Tools

Name: Environmental Problem-Solving: Balancing Science and Politics Using Consensus Building Tools | Guided Readings and Assignments from MIT's Training Program for Environmental Professionals
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Guided Readings and Assignments from MIT's Training Program for Environmental Professionals

Lawrence Susskind Bruno Verdini Jessica Gordon Yasmin Zaerpoor(Author)

Anthem Press

Published on 31. October 2020

506 pages

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'Environmental Problem-Solving' presents short excerpts from carefully selected readings, expert commentaries on those readings, assignments, and the best MIT student responses to the assignments and exam questions with excellent student response. The book presents four main models of environmental policy-making: competing theories of environmental ethics; tools for environmental assessment and environmental decision-making; and techniques for public engagement and group decision-making. The book covers the material presented in the semester-long course required of all students enrolled in MIT's Environmental Policy and Planning Specialization.

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"This remarkable book contains everything you need to teach a rich, dynamic course on the practical and theoretical dimensions of environmental policy as well as to evaluate your students' work. It integrates classic readings, commentaries, scenarios and assignments, along with videos of talks by faculty and presentations by students." -Judith E. Innes, Professor Emerita, Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California Berkeley, USA "Developed in the classroom of MIT's Department of Urban Studies and Planning, this is the long-awaited textbook for introductory environmental policy courses at both undergraduate and graduate levels. It includes a number of essential reading materials authored by leading scholars that will provide a framework for analyzing the substance and processes of environmental policy. It also comes with scenario-based exercises, suggested assignments, exam questions and even sample answers. It is a must-have volume for all instructors around the world." -Masahiro Matsuura, Professor, Meiji University, Graduate School of Governance Studies, Tokyo, Japan

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Cover
Front Matter
Half-Title page
Title page
Copyright information
Contents
Acknowledgments
Credits and Permission
Units
Introduction
Scenario Assignments
Unit I Influencing the Environmental Policy-Making Process
Introduction
Commentaries and Reading Excerpts
Steven Cohen - "Understanding Environmental Policy" and "A Framework for Understanding the Environmental Policy Issue." In Understanding Environmental Policy. New York: Columbia University Press.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 1 Understanding Environmental Policy
Differing Perspectives on Environmental Policy
Developing a Framework to Help Understand Environmental Issues
Applying the Framework to a Set of Environmental Issues
Toward an Interdisciplinary Understanding of Environmental and Sustainability Policy
Chapter 2 A Framework for Understanding the Environmental Policy Issue
Values
Applying the Values Dimension of the Framework
Environmental Politics
Applying the Political Dimension of the Framework
Science, Technology, and the Environment
Applying the Science and Technology Dimension of the Framework
Environmental Policy Design and Economic Factors as an Influence on Damaging Corporate and Private Behaviors
Defining Regulation
Policy Design: How to Develop and Implement a Regulatory Strategy
The Tools of Strategic Regulation
A Strategic Approach to Regulation
Policy Design that Regulates Individual Behavior and Stimulates Social Learning
Applying the Policy Design Dimension of the Framework
Environmental and Sustainability Management
Applying the Management Dimension of the Framework
Next Steps
Notes
Michael Howlett, M. Ramesh and Anthony Perl - "Agenda-Setting," "Policy Formulation and Policy Design, "Public Policy Decision-Making and Policy Implementation" and "Policy Evaluation: Policy Making as Learning." In Studying Public Policy: Policy Cycles &
Reading Commentary
Chapter 4 Agenda-?Setting
The Objective Construction of Policy Problems: The Role of Social Conditions and Structures
The Subjective Construction of Policy Problems: The Role of Policy Actors and Paradigms
Combining Ideas, Actors, and Structures in Multi-?Variable Models of Agenda-?Setting
Funnel of Causality
Issue -Attention Cycles
Modes of Agenda-?Setting
Linking Agenda-?Setting Modes to Content: Policy Windows and Policy Monopolies
Conclusion: Revisiting Agenda-?Setting Modes Through a Policy Subsystem Lens
Notes
Chapter 5 Policy Formulation: Policy Instruments and Policy Design
What is Policy Formulation?
The Phases of Policy Formulation
The General Content of Policy Formulation
The Substance of Policy Formulation: Policy Instruments
Taxonomies of Policy Instruments
Note
Chapter 6 Public Policy Decision-?Making
Actors in the Decision-?Making Process
Choices: Negative, Positive, and Non-?Decisions
Chapter 7 Policy Implementation
Actors and Activities in Policy Implementation
Chapter 8 Policy Evaluation: Policy-?Making as Learning
Positivist and Post-?Positivist Policy Evaluation
Policy Evaluation as Policy Learning
Evidence-?Based Policy-?Making as Policy Learning
Assessing Policy Success or Failure
Lawrence Susskind - "The Environment and Environmentalism." In Local Planning: Contemporary Principles and Practice. Washington, DC: ICCMA Press.
Reading Commentary
The Environment and Environmentalism
The Costs of Mismanaging Natural Resources
Individual and Collective Responsibility for the Environment
Environmental Planning at the Local Level
A Values-Based Approach
Collaborative Environmental Decision Making
Tools for Environmental Planning
New Kinds of Partnerships
No Right Answers, Only Informed Agreements
Note
Elinor Ostrom - "The Future of the Commons: Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulations." In The Future of the Commons: Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulations. London: Institute of Economic Affairs.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 3 The Future of the Commons: Beyond Market Failure and Government Regulation
Introduction
Challenges in Achieving Sustainability
The Importance of Second-?Tier Variables
Questions that can be Addressed in our Research Framework
Design Principles for the Management of Natural Resource Systems
What have we Learned?
The Relationship Between Larger and Smaller Units of Governance
Conclusion
Scenario Assignment: Policy Evaluation
Scenario Assignment: Comparative Policy Analysis
End of Unit I Written Assignment: National Environmental Policy-?Making
First Example Response to Assignment: National Environmental Policy-?Making in the United Kingdom
Second Example Response to Assignment: A Model of Environmental Policy-?Making in the United States
Unit II Ethical Dilemmas in Environmental Problem-Solving
Introduction
Commentaries and Reading Excerpts
Joseph R. DesJardins - Environmental Ethics: An Introduction to Environmental Philosophy. Belmont: Wadsworth.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 2 Part 2.2 Philosophical Ethics: Getting Comfortable With the Topic
Chapter 3 Part 3.7 Ethical Analysis and Environmental Economics
Chapter 5 Part 5.5 Do Trees Have Standing?
Chapter 6 Part 6.2 Instrumental Value and Intrinsic Value
Chaper 9 Part 9.2 Deep Ecology
Part 9.3 The Deep Ecology Platform
Part 9.4 Metaphysical Ecology
Part 9.7 Criticisms of Deep Ecology
Notes
Jason Corburn - "Local Knowledge in Environmental Health Policy." In Street Science: Community Knowledge and Environmental Health Justice. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 1 Local Knowledge In Environmental Health policy
The Tensions Between Communities and Professionals
Antecedents to Street Science
Environmental-?Health Justice and Street Science
Democracy and Local Knowledge
Technocracts, Science, and Local Knowledge
The Co-?Production of Expertise
Street Science as a Practice
Notes
Scenario Assignment: The Precautionary Principle
Scenario Assignment: Sustainability versus Economic Development
Scenario Assignment: Local Knowledge versus Expert Knowledge
End of Unit II Written Assignment: Environmental Ethics
First Example Response to Assignment: Environmental Ethics and Sustainable Development
Second Example Response to Assignment: The Ethics of Sustainable Development
Unit III Developments in Policy and Project Analysis
Introduction
Commentaries and Reading Excerpts
Lawrence Susskind, Ravi K. Jain and Andrew O. Martyniuk - "How Environmental Policy Studies Can Be Used Effectively" and "How Policy Studies Should Be Organized." In Better Environmental Policy Studies. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 3 How Environmental Policy Studies Can be Used Effectively
Six Effective Policy Studies
The "Uses" of Effective Policy Studies
The Spotted Owl and Ecosystem Management in the Pacific Northwest
The Challenges
Concluding Remarks
Chapter 4 How Policy Studies Should Be Organized
Six Organizational Tasks
Selecting and Using Experts
Shaping the Relationship Between Sponsors and Experts
Choosing the Right Institutional Auspices
Reviewing Policy Study Results
Learning from Policy Studies
Setting the Policy Research Agenda
A Look in the Rearview Mirror
Concluding Remarks
Arwin van Buuren and Sibout Nooteboom - "Evaluating Strategic Environmental Assessment in The Netherlands: Content, Process and Procedure as Indissoluble Criteria for Effectiveness." Journal of Impact Assessment and Project Appraisal.
Reading Commentary
Evaluating Strategic Environmental Assessment in the Netherlands: Content, Process and Procedure as Indissoluble Criteria for Effectiveness
Characteristics of an Effective Sea
Criteria for Sea Effectiveness
Methodology
Case Studies
Southern Sea Line
Analysis
IJssel Delta South
Analysis
Case comparison
Conclusion and discussion
References
David Pearce, Giles Atkinson and Susana Mourato - "Executive Summary," "The Stages of Practical Cost-Benefit Analysis" and "Cost-Benefit Analysis and Other Decision-Making Procedures." In Cost Benefit Analysis and the Environment: Recent Developments. Par
Reading Commentary
Cost-?Benefit Analysis and the Environment Recent Developments
Introduction
History and Uses of CBA
Theoretical Foundations
The Stages of CBA
Decision Rules
Dealing with Costs
Total Economic Value
Revealed Preference Valuation
Stated Preference Valuation: Contingent Valuation
Stated Preference Valuation: Choice Modelling
Option Value
WTP Versus WTA?
Valuing Ecosystem Services
Discounting
Valuing Health and Life
Equity
Sustainability and CBA
Benefits Transfer
CBA and Other Decision-?Making Guidance
Some Political Economy
3.1. Achieving Air Quality Targets in Europe
Chapter 18 Cost-Benefit Analysis and Other Decision-?Making Procedures
18.1. A gallery of Procedures
18.2. Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)
18.3. Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA)
18.4. Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)
18.5. Risk Assessment (RA)
18.6. Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA)
18.7. Risk-?Benefit Analysis (RBA)
18.8. Risk-?Risk Analysis (RRA)
18.9. Health-?Health Analysis (HHA)
18.10. Cost-?Effectiveness Analysis (CEA)
18.11. Multi-?Criteria Analysis (MCA)
18.12. Summary and Guidance for Decision-?Makers
Annex 18.A1 Multi-?criteria Analysis and the "Do Nothing" Option
Robert Costanza, Rudolf de Groot, Paul Sutton, Sander van der Ploeg, Sharolyn J. Anderson, Ida Kubiszewski, Stephen Farber, R. Kerry Turner -"Changes in the Global Value of Ecosystem Services." Journal of Global Environmental Change.
Reading Commentary
Changes in the Global Value of Ecosystem Services
1. Introduction
2. What is Valuation?
3. Valuation is not Privatization
4. Uses of Valuation of Ecosystem Services
5. Aggregating Values
6. Estimates of Global Value
7. Caveats and Misconceptions
8. Conclusions
References
Donald Ludwig - "Limitations of Economic Valuation of Ecosystems." Ecosystems Journal.
Reading Commentary
Limitations of Economic Valuation of Ecosystems
Introduction
Higher Domains of Value
Economic Assumptions are Often Inappropriate
Market Measures or Surveys are Inappropriate for Decisions that Involve Important Ecological Questions
The Methods Used for Economic Valuation are Flawed
Bluff and Bluster
References
Howard Kunreuther and Paul Slovic - "Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management." Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science.
Reading Commentary
Challenges in Risk Assessment and Risk Management
The Need for a New Perspective
Organization of this volume
Uncertainty and Risk Assessment
Valuation and Risk
Risk Communication
The Process of Risk Management
Risk Management Strategies
John Sterman - "A Skeptic's Guide to Computer Models." In Managing a Nation: The Microcomputer Software Catalog. Boulder, CO: Westview Press.
Reading Commentary
A Skeptic's Guide to Computer Models
The Inevitability of Using Models
Mental and Computer Models
The Importance of Purpose
Two Kinds of Models: Optimization Versus Simulation and Econometrics
Optimization
Simulation
Econometrics
Checklist for the Model Consumer
Conclusions
References
"Scenario Planning," "Scenario Methodology" and "Driving Forces." In Puget Sound Future Scenarios. UW Urban Ecology Research Lab, University of Washington.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 3 Scenario Planning UW Urban Ecology Research Lab
Why Scenarios?
What is Scenario Planning?
How to Develop Scenarios
Dealing with Uncertainty
The Benefits and Limitations of Scenarios
Chapter 4 Scenario Methodology
Process
Participating Experts
Interviews
Workshop
Synthesis
Scenario Development
Focal Issue
Driving Forces
Uncertainty and Importance
Scenario Logics
Scenario Narratives
The Four Elements used to Synthesize the Final Scenarios
Key Drivers
Supporting Trajectories
Storylines
System State
Chapter 5 Driving Forces
Overview
Scenario Assignment: Cost-Benefit Analysis
Role-Play Exercise Assignment: Negotiating Societal Risk Assessment
End of Unit III Written Assignment: Environmental Assessment
First Example Response to Assignment: Strengths, Weaknesses and Policy Implications of Environmental Analysis Tools
Second Example Response to Assignment: Environmental Management Can Be Enhanced through Analytical Tools
Unit IV Collective Action to Solve Environmental Problems
Introduction
Commentaries and Reading Excerpts
Lawrence Susskind and Jeffrey Cruikshank - "Convening," "Assigning Roles and Responsibilities," "Facilitating Group Problem Solving," "Reaching Agreement" and "Holding Parties to Their Commitments." In Breaking Robert's Rules. Oxford: Oxford University Pr
Reading Commentary
Step 1 Convening
1.1 Initiate Discussion with Potential Organizer(s)
1.2 Initiate an Assessment
1.3 Use the Assessment to Identify Appropriate Stakeholder Representatives
1.4 Finalize Commitments to Involve Appropriate Stakeholder Representatives if a Consensus-?Building Process goes Forward
1.5 Decide Whether to Commit to CBA
1.6 Make Sure that those in Positions of Authority Agree to the Process
Step 2 Assigning Roles and Responsibilities
2.1 Specify Who will take Responsibility for Convening, Facilitating, Recording, Moderating or Chairing Meetings, Representing Key Stakeholder Groups, and Providing Expert Advice
2.2 Set Rules Regarding the Involvement of Alternates and Observers
2.3 Finalize the Agenda, Ground Rules, Work Plan, and Budget in Written Form (For Public or Organizational Review)
2.4 Assess Options for Communicating with the Constituencies Represented as Well as with the Community-?at-Large
Step 3 Facilitating Group Problem Solving
3.1 Strive for Transparency (Distribute Written Summaries of all Meetings)
3.2 Seek Expert Input when Joint Fact-Finding Might be Helpful
3.3 Create Working Subcommittees if Appropriate
3.4 Seek to Maximize Joint Gains Through the Brainstorming of Packages
3.5 Separate Inventing from Committing
3.6 Use the Help of a Skilled Facilitator
3.7 Use a Single-?Text Procedure
3.8 Modify the Agenda, Ground Rules, and Deadlines as You Go
Step 4 Reaching Agreement
4.1 Seek Unanimity on a Written Package of Commitments
4.2 Use Contingent Commitments, if Appropriate, to Deal with Uncertainty or Risk
4.3 Adhere to Agreed-?Upon Decision-?Making Procedures
4.3.1 Ask Who Can't Live with the Package
4.3.2 Ask those who object to suggest improvements That Would Make the Package Acceptable to Them Without Making it Unacceptable to Others
4.4 Keep a Written Record of All Agreements
4.5 Maintain Communication with All Relevant Constituents and the Community-?At-?Large
Step 5 Holding Parties to Their Commitments
5.1 Seek Ratification of the Draft Agreement by Checking Back with All Relevant Constituencies
5.2 At a Final Meeting, Ask All the Stakeholder Representatives to Indicate Their Personal Support for the Package by Signing the Agreement
5.3 Present the Recommended Package of Proposals to Those With the Formal Authority to Act
5.3.1 Look for Ways to Make Informally Negotiated Agreements Binding
5.4 Reconvene the Parties it Those in Authority Can Not Live with the Package to See What Changes Might be Possible
5.5 Monitor Changing Circumstances During Implementation and Reconvene if Necessary
Ian Shapiro -? "Aggregation, Deliberation, and the Common Good." In State of Democratic Theory. Princeton: Princeton University Press.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 1 Aggregation, Deliberation, and the Common Good
1.1 Aggregative Conceptions of the Common Good
1.1.1 Democracy's Alleged Irrationality
1.1.2 Competing Views of Rational Collective Decision
1.1.3 The Likelihood of Cycles
1.1.4 Privileging Unanimity Rule
1.1.5 The Likelihood of Majority Tyranny
1.2 Deliberative Conceptions of the Common Good
1.2.1 Reciprocal Deliberation as the Common Good
1.2.2 Deliberation and Conflicting Interests
1.2.3 The Context of Deliberation
1.3 Deliberation in Ideal Settings?
Notes
Mark Sagoff -? "At the Shrine of Lady Fatima
Why Political Questions Are Not All Economic." In The Economy of the Earth: Philosophy, Law, and the Environment. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 2 At the Shrine of Our Lady of Fatima
or, Why political questions are not all economic
What We Want Versus What We Are
What Is Cost-?Benefit Analysis?
Two Conceptions of Externalities
Efficiency and Equality
Values as Wants
Two Conceptions of Neutrality
Notes
Lawrence Susskind and Connie Ozawa -? "Mediated Negotiation in the Public Sector: The Planner as Mediator." Journal of Planning Education and Research.
Reading Commentary
Mediated Negotiation in the Public Sector: The Planner as Mediator
Introduction
Some Illustrative Cases
The Columbus Negotiated Investment Strategy (NIS)
Brayton Point Coal Conversion
Foothills Water Treatment Project
A New Conception of the Planner's Role
Finding an Appropriate Model
Labor Relations
International Relations
Community Dispute Resolution
Environmental Dispute Resolution
Concluding Observations
References
Eugene A. Rosa, Ortwin Renn and Aaron McCright -? "Risk Governance: A Synthesis." In Risk Society Revisited: Social Theory and Governance. Philadelphia: Temple University Press.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 9 Risk Governance a Synthesis
Beyond Government: The Need for Comprehensive Governance
From Government to Governance
From Simple to Systemic Risks
Lessons for Risk Governance
Pre-?Estimation
Interdisciplinary Risk Estimation
Risk Evaluation
Risk Management
Risk Communication and Participation
Conclusion
Notes
Garrett Hardin -? "The Tragedy of the Commons." Science Journal
Reading Commentary
The Tragedy of the Commons
What Shall We Maximize?
Tragedy of Freedom in a Commons
Pollution
How to Legislate Temperance?
Freedom to Breed is Intolerable
Conscience is Self-?Eliminating
Pathogenic Effects of Conscience
Mutual Coercion
Mutually Agreed Upon
Recognition of Necessity
Note
References
Elinor Ostrom -? "Reflections on the Commons." In Governing the Commons. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Reading Commentary
Chapter 1 Reflections on the Commons
Three Influential Models
The Tragedy of the Commons
The Prisoner's Dilemma Game
The Metaphorical Use of Models
Current Policy Prescriptions
A Challenge
Notes
Scenario Assignment: Public Participation Strategies
Scenario Assignment: Regional Consensus Building
Scenario Assignment: Environmental Dispute Resolution
End of Unit IV Written Assignment: Public Interest and Group Decision-?Making
First Example Response to Assignment: Public Interest and the Consensus Building Approach
Second Example Response to Assignment: Democracy and Environmental Decision-?Making
Final Exam
Questions
Sample Responses to Select Exam Questions
Conclusions
End Matter
Biographies
References
Index

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Environmental Problem-Solving: Balancing Science and Politics Using Consensus Building Tools

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