Engine Emissions
Pollutant Formation and Measurement
Published on 6. December 2012
XII, 372 pages
978-1-4684-1983-2 (ISBN)
Description
In recent years, emissions from transportation engines have been studied widely because of the contribution of such engines to atmospheric pollution. During this period the amounts of pollutants emitted, the mechanism of their formation, and means of controlling emissions have been investigated in industrial and government laboratories, as well as at universities. The results of these investigations have generally been published as individual articles in journals, transactions, meeting proceedings, and, frequently, in company reports. This proliferation of technical information makes it difficult for workers in the field to keep abreast of all developments. For this reason, the editors felt the need for a book which would survey the existing state of knowledge in wide, albeit selected areas, and would provide a guide to the relevant literature. This book is intended to fulfill this function. It is recognized that all aspects of transportation engine emissions cannot be explored in a single volume. In this book attention is focused primarily on sources and mechanisms of emission formation within the combustion process, and on measurement techniques. Beyond this objective, no re strictions were placed on the authors. Within the framework of the general theme each author has been free to treat his subject as he saw fit. The editors have not strived to replace by uniformity the highly personal and attractive divergences of style. Considerable efforts were made, however, to ensure clarity and minimum overlap between the chapters.
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03/2012
Springer
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01/1973
Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers
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Content
1. Engine Exhaust Emissions.- I. Introduction.- II. When Is an Emittant a Pollutant?.- III. Formation of Pollutants.- IV. Transient Operation - Engines.- V. Transient Operation - System.- VI. Evaluation of Vehicle Emissions.- VII. Control Techniques.- References.- 2. The Chemistry of Spark-Ignition Engine Combustion and Emission Formation.- I. Introduction.- II. Engine Processes.- III. Ultimate Fate of Engine Emissions.- IV. The Engine-A Chemical Reactor.- V. The Combustion Chamber.- VI. Exhaust System.- VII. Systems Approach to Reactions in an Engine.- VIII. Summary.- References.- 3. Mechanism of Hydrocarbon Formation in Combustion Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. Ignition Delays in Low Molecular Weight Hydrocarbon-Oxydizer Systems.- III. Production and Emission of Unburned Hydrocarbons.- IV. Some Effects of Hydrocarbon Emissions on Man and His Environment.- References.- 4. The Kinetics of Pollutant Formation in Spark-Ignition Engines.- I. Introduction.- II. Chemical Thermodynamics of the Engine Cycle.- III. Combustion of Hydrocarbon Fuel-Air Mixtures and the Approach to the Initial High-Temperature Equilibrium State.- IV. Formation of Nitric Oxide.- V. Expansion and Exhaust Processes.- VI. The Effect of Pressure Oscillations on Nitric Oxide Kinetics.- 5. Particulate Emission from Spark-Ignition Engines.- I. Introduction.- II. Measurement Techniques.- III. Physical Characteristics of Particulates.- IV. Chemical Composition of Particulates.- V. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 6. Diesel Engines Combustion and Emissions.- I. Introduction.- II. Diesel Ignition and Combustion.- III. Direct-Injection Engines.- IV. The M-System.- V. Indirect Injection Engines.- VI. Comparison Between the Emission Characteristics of Some Transportation Engines.- VII. NO EmissionControl.- VIII. Concluding Remarks.- References.- 7. Diffusion and Fallout of Pollutants Emitted by Aircraft Engines.- I. Introduction.- II. Identification of Sources.- III. Diffusion and Fallout.- IV. Chemical and Physical Conversions.- V. Plume Axis from a Stack.- VI. Plume Paths from Aircraft.- VII. Wing-Tip Vortices.- VIII. Plume Visibility.- IX. Concluding Remarks.- Notation.- References.- 8. Instrumentation and Techniques for Measuring Emissions.- I. Methods for Measuring Pollutants.- II. Automotive Emissions Measurement.- III. Measurement of Emissions from Diesel and Turbine Engines.- References.- 9. Direct-Sampling Studies of Combustion Processes.- I. Introduction.- II. A Simplified Model of Molecular-Beam Sampling.- III. Boundary-Layer Considerations.- IV. Chemical Relaxations.- V. Species Condensations.- VI. Skimmer Interference.- VII. Mass Separations.- VIII. Background Scattering.- IX. Mass-Spectra Interpretations.- X. Preliminary Applications.- References.
