
Managing Breeds for a Secure Future 3rd Edition
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Content
- Cover Page
- Half Title Page
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents Page
- Preface Page
- 1 Introduction
- 1.1 How to Use This Book
- 1.2 What Is a Breed?
- 1.3 Genetic Character of Breeds
- 1.4 Why Breeds Are Important
- 1.5 Sustaining Breeds over Time
- 2 Breed Basics
- 2.1 How Breeds Form
- 2.2 Classes of Breeds
- 2.2.1 Landraces
- 2.2.2 Standardized Breeds
- 2.2.3 Modern "Type" and "Designer" Breeds
- 2.2.4 Industrial Strains
- 2.2.5 Feral Populations
- 2.2.6 Dog Breeds
- 2.2.7 Poultry Breeds
- 2.2.8 Summary
- 2.3 How Breeds Are Lost
- 3 Breeds as Gene Pools: Variability and Predictability
- 3.1 Standardized Breeds
- 3.2 Landraces
- 3.3 Subgroups within a Breed: Bloodlines, Strains, and Varieties
- 3.4 Gene Flow into and out of Breeds
- 3.4.1 Upgrading and What It Does
- 3.4.2 Upgrading and Bloodlines
- 4 Defining an Individual Breed
- 4.1 Which Animals to Include
- 4.2 One Breed or Two
- 4.3 Breed Histories
- 4.4 Geography and Source Herds
- 4.5 Recovery of Purebred Animals into Registries
- 4.5.1 Native on Appearance
- 5 Breed Standards
- 5.1 Breed Type
- 5.2 Different Sorts of Breed Standards
- 5.3 Breed Type Reproduces Breed Type
- 5.4 Developing a Breed Standard
- 5.5 Breed Standards and Genetic Diversity
- 5.6 Breed Standards and Breed Loss
- 5.7 Standard Traits That Can Be Detrimental
- 5.8 Qualitative and Quantitative Traits
- 5.9 Changes to the Breed Standard
- 6 Principles of Genetic Management
- 6.1 Linebreeding and Inbreeding
- 6.2 Outcrossing: Crossbreeding and Linecrossing
- 6.3 Defining Matings as "Related" or "Unrelated"
- 6.4 Linebreeding or Outcrossing: Which Is Best?
- 6.5 Rational Crossbreeding
- 7 Selection as a Genetic Management Tool
- 7.1 Degree of Selection
- 7.2 Selection and Breed-Specific Traits
- 7.3 Genetic Drift
- 7.4 Single Gene Traits
- 7.5 Polygenic Traits
- 8 Evaluating Individual Animals
- 8.1 Competitive Shows
- 8.2 Card Grading
- 8.3 Non-Competitive Exhibition
- 8.4 Performance Testing
- 8.4.1 Adaptation
- 8.4.2 Temperament and Behavior
- 8.4.3 Longevity
- 8.4.4 Comprehensive Strategies
- 9 Practical Aspects of Genetic Management
- 9.1 Selection of Animals for Reproduction
- 9.2 Pairing of Animals within Purebred Breeds
- 9.3 Strategic Selection of Specific Mates
- 9.4 Strategic Use of Coefficients of Inbreeding
- 9.5 Use of Estimated Breeding Values
- 9.6 Breeding Goals for Various Sorts of Breeders
- 9.7 Poultry Breeds and Breeders
- 10 Assisted Reproduction Techniques
- 10.1 Artificial Insemination
- 10.2 Embryo Transfer
- 10.3 In Vitro Fertilization
- 10.4 Cloning
- 10.5 Cryopreservation
- 10.5.1 Selection of Samples and Numbers to Conserve
- 10.5.2 Sampling Standardized Breeds
- 10.5.3 Sampling Landraces
- 10.5.4 Sampling Feral Populations
- 11 Animal Identification
- 12 Population Analysis
- 12.1 Census
- 12.1.1 Numbers of Animals
- 12.1.2 Monitoring Bloodlines, Strains, and Families
- 12.1.3 Monitoring Health Issues
- 12.2 DNA Analysis
- 12.2.1 DNA: Microsatellites
- 12.2.2 DNA: Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)
- 12.2.3 DNA: Mitochondria
- 12.2.4 DNA: Y Chromosomes
- 12.2.5 Other Uses of DNA Technology
- 12.3 Pedigree-Based Analyses
- 12.3.1 Pedigree-Based Inbreeding Coefficients
- 12.3.2 Pedigree-Based Kinship Levels
- 12.3.3 Foundation Bloodline Analysis
- 12.3.4 Popular (or Rare) Sires (or Dams)
- 12.4 Summary
- 13 Maintaining Breeds for Long-Term Success
- 13.1 Genetic Bottlenecks
- 13.2 Monitoring Effective Population Size
- 13.3 Generation Interval
- 13.4 Inbreeding and Loss of Diversity
- 13.5 Monitoring Inbreeding
- 13.6 Inbreeding within Individual Herds
- 13.7 Inbreeding within Breeds
- 13.8 Combining Linebreeding and Linecrossing
- 13.9 Inbreeding and Linebreeding to Expand Rare Genetics
- 13.10 Managing Contributions of Individual Animals
- 14 Specific Plans for Maintenance Breeding
- 14.1 "Regular" Conservation Breeding
- 14.2 Variations on "Regular" Conservation Breeding
- 14.2.1 Strategies for Tracking Animals to Manage Bloodlines
- 14.2.2 Small Populations with Single Males
- 14.2.3 Managing Populations Where Males Have Long Careers
- 14.3 Species Considerations for Conservation Breeding
- 14.3.1 Sheep and Goats
- 14.3.2 Swine
- 14.3.3 Rabbits
- 14.3.4 Poultry
- 14.3.5 Horses and Donkeys
- 14.3.6 Dogs
- 14.4 Rotational Breeding or Spiral Breeding
- 14.5 Poultry Plans (except Geese!)
- 14.5.1 The Felch Method
- 14.5.2 Sequential Rotation of Male Poultry
- 14.5.3 Only Two Lines Available: Poultry, Swine, and Rabbits
- 14.5.4 "Double Mating" of Poultry
- 14.6 Trio Breeding Plan for Rabbits and Others
- 15 Rescuing Small Populations: General Aspects
- 15.1 General Guiding Principles
- 15.2 Subdivision of Populations
- 15.3 Species-Specific Considerations
- 16 Specific Plans for Rescue Breeding
- 16.1 One Male, Several Females
- 16.1.1 Jericho Goats
- 16.2 One Male, Several Females, Some Inbreeding Depression
- 16.2.1 Palmer-Dunn Pineywoods Cattle
- 16.3 Multiple Males, Multiple Females, All Variably Inbred
- 16.3.1 Randall Lineback Cattle
- 16.4 One Male, Multiple Herds of Females
- 16.4.1 Criollo Macabeo Cattle
- 16.5 One Large Herd with Satellite Populations
- 16.5.1 Marsh Tacky Horses
- 16.6 Breeds with Multiple Rare Bloodlines
- 16.6.1 Choctaw/Cherokee/Huasteca Horses
- 16.6.2 Rare Strain Pineywoods Cattle
- 16.6.3 Java Chickens
- 16.7 Too Few Animals for Stand-Alone Conservation
- 16.7.1 Eggerton Myotonic Goats
- 16.8 Single Animal of Conservation Interest
- 16.8.1 Glendhu Leicester Longwool Sheep
- 16.9 Frozen Semen Available from Historic Stores
- 16.9.1 Shorthorn Cattle
- 16.10 Managing a Genetic Defect
- 16.10.1 Akhal-Teke Naked Foal Syndrome
- 17 Putting the Lessons Together: Dexter Cattle
- 18 External Factors Affecting Breeds
- 18.1 Market Demand
- 18.2 Crossbreeding
- 18.3 Regulations
- 18.4 Imports
- 18.4.1 Imports That Contribute Substantially to Conservation Efforts
- 18.4.2 Imports That Enhance American Bloodlines
- 18.4.3 Imports That Hamper Conservation in the Country of Origin
- 18.4.4 Imports That Endanger American Bloodlines and Breeds
- 18.4.5 Assessment of Importations
- 19 General Principles for Breed Associations
- 19.1 Purposes of Associations
- 19.2 Membership
- 19.3 Breed Associations for Endangered Breeds
- 19.4 Communication
- 19.5 Multiple Breed Associations
- 19.6 Codes of Ethics
- 19.7 Educational Programs
- 19.8 Research
- 19.9 Recruiting and Training New Breeders
- 19.10 Breed Promotion
- 19.11 Breed Sale Events
- 19.12 Assuring Continuity
- 20 Practical Details of Breed Associations
- 20.1 Forms of Association
- 20.1.1 Private Associations
- 20.1.2 Unincorporated Associations
- 20.1.3 Incorporated Associations
- 20.2 Bylaws
- 20.3 Board of Directors
- 20.3.1 Directors and Officers
- 20.4 Networks of Breed Associations
- 20.5 Promoting the Association
- 20.6 Association Responsibilities
- 20.6.1 Conservation Responsibilities
- 20.6.2 Reporting Pedigree Information
- 20.6.3 Reporting Breed Health Status
- 20.6.4 Reporting Measures of Genetic Diversity
- 20.6.5 Programs to Save Herds in Peril
- 20.6.6 Development of Long-Range Conservation Plans
- 20.6.7 Dispelling False Rumors Quickly
- 20.7 Conflict of Interest
- 20.8 Local and Regional Groups
- 21 Registry
- 21.1 Registration
- 21.2 Pedigrees
- 21.3 Pedigree Recording Systems
- 21.4 Litter Recording
- 21.5 Stud Reports
- 21.6 Selective Recording Systems
- 21.7 Registrations Are Important
- 21.8 Closed Herd Book Registries
- 21.9 Open Herd Book Registries
- 21.10 Registration of Crossbreds and Partbreds
- 21.11 Registration for Extensively Raised Landraces
- 21.12 Starting a Registry
- 22 Breeder Responsibilities
- 22.1 Master Breeders
- 22.2 Breeds, Breeders, Associations, and the Future
- Appendices
- Appendix 1 Phenotypic Matrix for Colonial Spanish Horses
- Appendix 2 A Protocol for Bloodline Analysis
- Appendix 3 A Protocol for Assessing Popular Sires or Dams
- Appendix 4 Sample Bylaws
- Index
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