
Linux Administration: A Beginner's Guide, Eighth Edition
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Content
- Cover
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Dedication
- About the Author
- Contents at a Glance
- Contents
- Acknowledgments
- Introduction
- Part I Introduction and Installation
- Chapter 1 Introduction to Linux, Distributions, and FOSS
- Linux: The Operating System
- Open Source Software and GNU: Overview
- The GNU Public License
- Upstream and Downstream
- The Advantages of Open Source Software
- Understanding the Differences Between Windows and Linux
- Single Users vs. Multiple Users vs. Network Users
- The Monolithic Kernel and the Micro-Kernel
- Separation of the GUI and the Kernel
- My Network Places
- The Registry vs. Text Files
- Domains and Active Directory
- Summary
- Chapter 2 Installing a Linux Server
- Hardware and Environmental Considerations
- Server Design
- Uptime
- Methods of Installation
- Installing Fedora
- Project Prerequisites
- The Installation
- Installation Summary
- Localization Section
- Software Section
- System Section
- User Settings Section
- The Installation
- Installing Ubuntu Server
- Start the Installation
- Configure the Network
- Configure Proxy
- Configure Ubuntu Archive Mirror
- File System Setup
- Profile Setup
- SSH Setup
- Featured Server Snaps
- Install Complete
- Summary
- Chapter 3 Deploying Linux Servers in the Cloud
- Behind the Cloud
- Obtaining and Spinning Up New Virtual Linux Servers
- Free-to-Run Virtual Linux Servers
- Commercial Cloud Service Providers
- Summary
- Part II Single-Host Administration
- Chapter 4 The Command Line
- An Introduction to Bash
- Job Control
- Environment Variables
- Pipes
- Redirection
- Command-Line Shortcuts
- Filename Expansion
- Environment Variables as Parameters
- Multiple Commands
- Backticks
- Documentation Tools
- The man Command
- The texinfo System
- Files (Types, Ownership, and Permissions)
- Normal Files
- Directories
- Hard Links
- Symbolic Links
- Block Devices
- Character Devices
- Listing Files: ls
- Change Ownership: chown
- Change Group: chgrp
- Change Mode: chmod
- File Management and Manipulation
- Copy Files: cp
- Move Files: mv
- Link Files: ln
- Find a File: find
- File Compression: gzip
- File Compression: bzip2
- File Compression: xz
- Create a Directory: mkdir
- Remove Files or Directories: rm
- Show Present Working Directory: pwd
- Tape Archive: tar
- Concatenate Files: cat
- Display a File One Screen at a Time: more or less
- Show the Directory Location of a File: which
- Locate a Command: whereis
- Editors
- vi
- emacs
- pico
- sed
- Miscellaneous Tools
- Disk Utilization: du
- Disk Free: df
- List Processes: ps
- Show an Interactive List of Processes: top
- Send a Signal to a Process: kill
- Show System Information: uname
- Who Is Logged In: who
- A Variation on who: w
- Switch User: su
- Putting It All Together (Moving a User and Its Home Directory)
- Summary
- Chapter 5 Managing Software
- The Red Hat Package Manager
- Managing Software Using RPM
- Querying for Information the RPM Way (Getting to Know One Another)
- Installing Software with RPM (Moving in Together)
- Uninstalling Software with RPM (Ending the Relationship)
- Other Things RPM Can Do
- Yum
- DNF
- GUI RPM Package Managers
- Fedora or Ubuntu
- openSUSE and SLE
- The Debian Package Management System
- APT
- Software Management in Ubuntu
- Querying for Information
- Installing Software in Ubuntu
- Removing Software in Ubuntu
- Compile and Install GNU Software
- Getting and Unpacking the Source Package
- Looking for Documentation
- Configuring the Package
- Compiling the Package
- Installing the Package
- Testing the Software
- Cleanup
- Common Problems when Building from Source Code
- Problems with Libraries
- Missing Configure Script
- Broken Source Code
- Summary
- Chapter 6 Managing Users and Groups
- What Exactly Constitutes a User?
- Where User Information Is Kept
- The /etc/passwd File
- The /etc/shadow File
- The /etc/group File
- User Management Tools
- Command-Line User Management
- GUI User Managers
- Users and Access Permissions
- Understanding SetUID and SetGID Programs
- Sticky Bit
- Pluggable Authentication Modules
- How PAM Works
- PAM's Files and Their Locations
- Configuring PAM
- A Sample PAM Configuration File
- The "Other" File
- D'oh! I Can't Log In!
- Debugging PAM
- A Grand Tour
- Creating Users with useradd
- Creating Groups with groupadd
- Modifying User Attributes with usermod
- Modifying Group Attributes with groupmod
- Deleting Users and Groups with userdel and groupdel
- Summary
- Chapter 7 Booting and Shutting Down
- Boot Loaders
- GRUB Legacy
- GRUB 2
- Bootstrapping
- The init Process
- Systemd Scripts
- Writing Your Own rc Script
- Enabling and Disabling Services
- Enabling a Service
- Disabling a Service
- Odds and Ends of Booting and Shutting Down
- fsck!
- Booting into Single-User ("Recovery") Mode
- Summary
- Chapter 8 File Systems
- The Makeup of File Systems
- i-Nodes
- Blocks
- Superblocks
- ext4
- Btrfs
- XFS
- Managing File Systems
- Mounting and Unmounting Local Disks
- Using fsck
- Adding a New Disk
- Overview of Partitions
- Traditional Disk and Partition Naming Conventions
- Volume Management
- Creating Partitions and Logical Volumes
- Creating File Systems
- Summary
- Chapter 9 Core System Services
- systemd
- systemd's Role
- How systemd Works
- xinetd
- The /etc/xinetd.conf File
- Examples: A Simple (echo) Service Entry
- The Logging Daemon
- rsyslogd
- systemd-journald (journald)
- The cron Program
- The crontab File
- Editing the crontab File
- Summary
- Chapter 10 The Linux Kernel
- What Exactly Is a Kernel?
- Finding the Kernel Source Code
- Getting the Correct Kernel Version
- Unpacking the Kernel Source Code
- Building the Kernel
- Preparing to Configure the Kernel
- Kernel Configuration
- Compiling the Kernel
- Installing the Kernel
- Booting the Kernel
- The Author Lied! It Didn't Work!
- Patching the Kernel
- Downloading and Applying Patches
- If the Patch Worked
- If the Patch Didn't Work
- Summary
- Chapter 11 Knobs and Dials: API (Virtual) File Systems
- What's Inside the /proc Directory?
- Tweaking Files Inside of /proc
- Some Useful /proc Entries
- Enumerated /proc Entries
- Common proc Settings and Reports
- SYN Flood Protection
- Issues on High-Volume Servers
- SysFS
- cgroupfs
- tmpfs
- tmpfs Example
- Summary
- Part III Networking and Security
- Chapter 12 TCP/IP for System Administrators
- The Layers
- Packets
- TCP/IP Model and the OSI Model
- Headers
- Ethernet
- IP (IPv4)
- TCP
- UDP
- A Complete TCP Connection
- Opening a Connection
- Transferring Data
- Closing the Connection
- How ARP Works
- The ARP Header: ARP Works with Other Protocols, Too!
- Bringing IP Networks Together
- Hosts and Networks
- Subnetting
- Netmasks
- Static Routing
- Dynamic Routing with RIP
- tcpdump Bits and Bobs
- Reading and Writing Dumpfiles
- Capturing More or Less per Packet
- Performance Impact
- Don't Capture Your Own Network Traffic
- Troubleshooting Slow Name Resolution (DNS) Issues
- IPv6
- IPv6 Address Format
- IPv6 Address Types
- IPv6 Backward Compatibility
- Summary
- Chapter 13 Network Configuration
- Modules and Network Interfaces
- Network Device Configuration Utilities (ip, ifconfig, and nmcli)
- Sample Usage: ifconfig, ip, and nmcli
- Setting Up NICs at Boot Time
- Managing Routes
- Sample Usage: Route Configuration
- Displaying Routes
- A Simple Linux Router
- Routing with Static Routes
- VPCs, Subnets, IPs, and Route Configuration (AWS Cloud Example)
- VPCs and Subnets (AWS)
- Internet Gateways and Routing (AWS)
- Security Groups (AWS)
- Launch a Linux Server in Its Own Subnet (AWS)
- Hostname Configuration
- Summary
- Chapter 14 Linux Firewall (Netfilter)
- How Netfilter Works
- A NAT Primer
- Chains
- Installing Netfilter
- Enabling Netfilter in the Kernel
- Configuring Netfilter
- Saving Your Netfilter Configuration
- The iptables Command
- firewalld
- Cookbook Solutions
- Simple NAT: iptables
- Simple NAT: nftables
- Simple Firewall: iptables
- Summary
- Chapter 15 Local Security
- Common Sources of Risk
- SetUID Programs
- Unnecessary Processes
- Picking the Right Runlevel
- Nonhuman User Accounts
- Limited Resources
- Mitigating Risk
- chroot
- SELinux
- AppArmor
- Monitoring Your System
- Logging
- Using ps and netstat
- Watch That Space (Using df)
- Automated Monitoring
- Staying in the Loop (Mailing Lists)
- Summary
- Chapter 16 Network Security
- TCP/IP and Network Security
- The Importance of Port Numbers
- Tracking Services
- Using the netstat Command
- Security Implications of netstat's Output
- Binding to an Interface
- Shutting Down Services
- Shutting Down xinetd and inetd Services
- Shutting Down Non-xinetd Services
- Monitoring Your System
- Making the Best Use of syslog
- Monitoring Bandwidth with MRTG
- Handling Attacks
- Trust Nothing (and No One)
- Change Your Passwords
- Pull the Plug
- Network Security Tools
- nmap
- Snort
- Nessus and OpenVAS
- Wireshark/tcpdump
- Summary
- Part IV Internet Services
- Chapter 17 Domain Name System (DNS)
- The Hosts File
- How DNS Works
- Domain and Host Naming Conventions
- The Root Domain
- Subdomain
- The in-addr.arpa Domain
- Types of Servers
- Installing a DNS Server
- Understanding the BIND Configuration File
- The Specifics
- Configuring a DNS Server
- Defining a Primary Zone in the named.conf File
- Defining a Secondary Zone in the named.conf File
- Defining a Caching Zone in the named.conf File
- DNS Records Types
- SOA: Start of Authority
- NS: Name Server
- A and AAAA: Address Records
- PTR: Pointer Record
- MX: Mail Exchanger
- CNAME: Canonical Name
- RP and TXT: The Documentation Entries
- Setting Up BIND Database Files
- DNS Server Setup Walkthrough
- The DNS Toolbox
- host
- dig
- resolvectl
- nslookup
- whois
- nsupdate
- The rndc Tool
- Configuring DNS Clients
- The Resolver
- Configuring the Client (Traditional)
- Summary
- Chapter 18 File Transfer Protocol (FTP)
- The Mechanics of FTP
- Client/Server Interactions
- Obtaining and Installing vsftpd
- Configuring vsftpd
- Starting and Testing the FTP Server
- Customizing the FTP Server
- Setting Up an Anonymous-Only FTP Server
- Setting Up an FTP Server with Virtual Users
- Summary
- Chapter 19 Apache Web Server
- Understanding HTTP
- Headers
- Ports
- Process Ownership and Security
- Installing the Apache HTTP Server
- Apache Modules
- Starting Up and Shutting Down Apache
- Starting Apache at Boot Time
- Testing Your Installation
- Configuring Apache
- Creating a Simple Root-Level Page
- Apache Configuration Files
- Common Configuration Options
- Troubleshooting Apache
- Summary
- Chapter 20 Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)
- Understanding SMTP
- Rudimentary SMTP Details
- Security Implications
- E-mail Components
- Installing the Postfix Server
- Installing Postfix via DNF in Fedora, CentOS, or RHEL
- Installing Postfix via APT in Ubuntu
- Configuring the Postfix Server
- The main.cf File
- Checking Your Configuration
- Running the Server
- Checking the Mail Queue
- Flushing the Mail Queue
- The newaliases Command
- Making Sure Everything Works
- Summary
- Chapter 21 Post Office Protocol and Internet Mail Access Protocol (POP and IMAP)
- POP3 and IMAP Protocol Basics
- Dovecot (IMAP and POP3 Server)
- Installing Dovecot
- Dovecot Configuration Files and Options
- Configuring Dovecot
- Running Dovecot
- Checking Basic POP3 Functionality
- Checking Basic IMAP Functionality
- Other Issues with Mail Services
- SSL/TLS Security
- Availability
- Log Files
- Summary
- Chapter 22 Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP)
- VoIP Overview
- VoIP Server
- Analog Telephone Adapter (ATA)
- IP Phones
- VoIP Protocols
- VoIP Implementations
- Asterisk
- How Asterisk Works
- Asterisk Installation
- Starting and Stopping Asterisk
- Understanding Asterisk Configuration Files and Structure
- The Dialplan: extensions.conf
- Modules: modules.conf
- Asterisk Network, Port, and Firewall Requirements
- Configuring the Local Firewall for Asterisk
- Configuring the PBX
- Local Extensions
- Outside Connection (VoIP Trunking)
- Trunking Using Twilio Elastic SIP Trunks
- Asterisk Maintenance and Troubleshooting
- Asterisk CLI Commands
- Helpful CLI Commands
- Common Issues with VoIP
- Summary
- Chapter 23 Secure Shell (SSH)
- Understanding Public Key Cryptography
- Key Characteristics
- SSH Backstory (Versions)
- OpenSSH and OpenBSD
- Alternative Vendors for SSH Clients
- Installing OpenSSH on RPM-Based Systems
- Installing OpenSSH via APT in Ubuntu
- Server Startup and Shutdown
- SSHD Configuration File
- Using OpenSSH
- Secure Shell (ssh) Client Program
- Secure Copy (scp) Program
- Secure FTP (sftp) Program
- Files Used by the OpenSSH Client
- Summary
- Part V Intranet Services
- Chapter 24 Network File System (NFS)
- The Mechanics of NFS
- Versions of NFS
- Security Considerations for NFS
- Mount and Access a Partition
- Enabling NFS in Fedora, RHEL, and CentOS
- Enabling NFS in Ubuntu and Debian
- The Components of NFS
- Kernel Support for NFS
- Configuring an NFS Server
- The /etc/exports Configuration File
- Configuring NFS Clients
- The mount Command
- Soft vs. Hard Mounts
- Cross-Mounting Disks
- The Importance of the intr Option
- Performance Tuning
- Troubleshooting Client-Side NFS Issues
- Stale File Handles
- Permission Denied
- Sample NFS Client and NFS Server Configuration
- Common Uses for NFS
- Summary
- Chapter 25 Samba
- The Mechanics of SMB
- Usernames and Passwords
- Encrypted Passwords
- Samba Daemons
- Installing Samba via RPM
- Installing Samba via APT
- Samba Administration
- Starting and Stopping Samba
- Creating a Share
- Using smbclient
- Mounting Remote Samba Shares
- Samba Users
- Creating Samba Users
- Allowing Null Passwords
- Changing Passwords with smbpasswd
- Using Samba to Authenticate Against a Windows Server
- winbindd Daemon
- Troubleshooting Samba
- Summary
- Chapter 26 Distributed File Systems (DFS)
- DFS Overview
- DFS Implementations
- GlusterFS
- Summary
- Chapter 27 Lightweight Directory Access Protocol (LDAP)
- LDAP Basics
- LDAP Directory
- Client/Server Model
- Uses of LDAP
- LDAP Terminology
- OpenLDAP
- Server-Side Daemons
- OpenLDAP Utilities
- Installing OpenLDAP
- Configuring OpenLDAP
- Configuring slapd
- Starting and Stopping slapd
- Configuring OpenLDAP Clients
- Creating Directory Entries
- Searching, Querying, and Modifying the Directory
- Using OpenLDAP for User Authentication
- Configuring the Server
- Configuring the Client
- Summary
- Chapter 28 Printing
- Printing Terminologies
- The CUPS System
- Running CUPS
- Installing CUPS
- Configuring CUPS
- Adding Printers
- Local Printers and Remote Printers
- Using the Web Interface to Add a Printer
- Using Command-Line Tools to Add a Printer
- Routine CUPS Administration
- Setting the Default Printer
- Enabling, Disabling, and Deleting Printers
- Accepting and Rejecting Print Jobs
- Managing Printing Privileges
- Managing Printers via the Web Interface
- Using Client-Side Printing Tools
- lpr
- lpq
- lprm
- Summary
- Chapter 29 Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol (DHCP)
- The Mechanics of DHCP
- The DHCP Server
- Installing DHCP Software via RPM
- Installing DHCP Software via APT in Ubuntu
- Configuring the DHCP Server
- A Sample dhcpd.conf File
- The DHCP Client Daemon
- Summary
- Chapter 30 Virtualization
- Why Virtualize?
- Virtualization Concepts
- Virtualization Implementations
- Hyper-V
- Kernel-Based Virtual Machine (KVM)
- QEMU
- VirtualBox
- VMware
- Xen
- KVM
- KVM Example
- Managing KVM Virtual Machines
- Setting Up KVM in Ubuntu/Debian
- Containers
- Containers vs. Virtual Machines
- Docker
- Summary
- Chapter 31 Backups
- Evaluating Your Backup Needs
- Amount of Data
- Backup Hardware and Backup Medium
- Network Throughput
- Speed and Ease of Data Recovery
- Data Deduplication
- Tape Management
- Command-Line Backup Tools
- dump and restore
- tar
- rsync
- Miscellaneous Backup Solutions
- Summary
- Part VI Appendixes
- A Creating a Linux Installer on Flash/USB Devices
- Overview
- Native Solutions
- Distro-Specific Solutions
- Universal Solutions
- B Demo Virtual Machine and Container
- Basic Host System Requirements
- Installing the Virtualization Applications and Utilities
- Download and Prep the Demo VM Image File
- Import the Demo VM Image and Create a New VM Instance
- Managing the Demo Virtual Machine
- Connecting to the Demo VM
- Virtual Network Computing (VNC)
- Virtual Serial TTY Console
- Connecting via SSH
- Cockpit Application
- Just Use It!
- Demo Containers (Docker, podman, buildah, and kubectl)
- Feedback
- Index
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For more information, see our eBook Help page.