Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting
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Preface xiii 1 Basic Concepts of Digital Terrestrial Television Transmission System 1 1.1 Introduction and Historic Review 1 1.1.1 Birth and Development of Television Black-and-White TV Era 1 1.1.2 Analog Color TV Era 2 1.1.3 Digital TV Era 3 1.2 Major International and Regional DTV Organizations 7 1.2.1 International DTV Broadcasting Standards 7 1.2.2 Related International and Regional Organizations 9 1.3 Composition of DTV System 11 1.3.1 Constitution of DTV System 11 1.3.2 Functional Layers of DTV 14 1.4 Compression Layer and Multiplexing Layer 19 1.4.1 Image Format 19 1.4.2 Compression Modes for DTV Signal 19 1.4.3 MPEG-2 for Video Compression 20 1.4.4 Intraframe Coding 21 1.4.5 Interframe Coding Method 23 1.4.6 Audio Compression 24 1.4.7 MPEG-2 Coding 25 1.4.8 MPEG-2 Multiplexing 26 1.4.9 Transport Stream 26 1.5 Current Deployment of DTTB Systems 29 1.5.1 Developments of ATSC DVB-T and ISDB-T 30 1.5.2 Development and Deployment of DTMB System 33 1.5.3 Network Convergence with DTTB Systems 35 1.6 Summary 37 References 37 2 Channel Characteristics of Digital Terrestrial Television Broadcasting Systems 39 2.1 Introduction 39 2.2 Mathematical Models of Wireless Radio Channel 42 2.2.1 Statistical Model of Channel Impulse Response 42 2.2.2 Channel Impulse Response with Deterministic Parameters 44 2.3 Property of Wireless Fading Channel Parameters 46 2.3.1 Multipath Delay Spread and Frequency-Selective Fading 46 2.3.2 Doppler Shift and Time-Selective Fading 50 2.3.3 Time- and Frequency-Selective Fading of Wireless Radio Channel 54 2.4 Commonly Used Statistical Models for Fading Channel 55 2.4.1 Rayleigh Fading Model 55 2.4.2 Ricean Fading Model 56 2.5 DTTB Channel Model 58 2.5.1 Typical DTTB Channel Model 58 2.5.2 Single-Frequency Network of Channel Model for DTTB Systems 63 2.6 Summary 67 References 68 3 Channel Coding for DTTB System 69 3.1 Channel Capacity and Shannon's Channel Coding Theorem 69 3.2 Error Control and Classification of Channel Coding 73 3.3 Linear Block Code 75 3.3.1 Basic Concept of Linear Block Code 75 3.3.2 BCH Code 78 3.3.3 Reed-Solomon Code 79 3.4 Convolutional Codes 80 3.4.1 Construction and Description of Convolutional Codes 81 3.4.2 Distance Property and Decoding of Convolutional Codes 84 3.5 Interleaving 87 3.5.1 Block Interleaving 87 3.5.2 Convolutional Interleaving 88 3.6 Concatenation Codes 89 3.7 Parallel Codes 92 3.7.1 Product Codes 92 3.7.2 Turbo Codes and Iterative Decoding 94 3.8 Trellis Coding and Modulation 100 3.8.1 Mapping by Set Partition of TCM Codes 100 3.8.2 Code Construction and Basic Principles of TCM Codes 101 3.9 Low-Density Parity-Check Code 103 3.9.1 Basic Concept of LDPC Codes 104 3.9.2 Decoding Algorithms of LDPC Codes 106 3.10 Channel Coding Adopted by Different DTV Broadcasting Standards 108 3.11 Summary 110 References 110 4 Modulation Technologies for DTTB System 113 4.1 Introduction 113 4.2 Digital Modulation 114 4.2.1 Signal Space and Its Representation 114 4.2.2 Typical Digital Modulations 117 4.2.3 The Power Spectrum of Modulated Signal 124 4.2.4 Demodulation and Performance Evaluation 129 4.2.5 Variations of Digital Modulations 137 4.3 Bit-Interleaved Coded Modulation 140 4.3.1 BICM System Model 140 4.3.2 BICM Design and Performance Evaluation 141 4.3.3 BICM-ID System Model 144 4.3.4 BICM-ID with Doping: Design and Performance Evaluation 145 4.3.5 BICM-ID Design Based on EXIT Charts 146 4.3.6 BICM-ID with LDPC Coding 147 4.4 Multicarrier Modulation 148 4.4.1 Principle of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing 149 4.4.2 Implementation of OFDMwith Discrete Fourier Transform 151 4.4.3 Guard Interval and Cyclic Prefix of OFDM 152 4.4.4 Frequency Domain Property 156 4.4.5 General Comparison between OFDM and Single-Carrier Modulation System 157 4.5 Design Considerations of DTTB Modulation 159 4.5.1 Modulation Scheme Determination 159 4.5.2 Modulation Schemes in Typical DTTB Standards 160 4.6 Summary 160 References 161 5 First-Generation DTTB Standards 163 5.1 General Introduction 163 5.1.1 ATSC Standard 163 5.1.2 DVB-T Standard 164 5.1.3 ISDB-T Standard 164 5.1.4 DTMB Standard 164 5.2 Introduction to ATSC Standard 164 5.2.1 Scrambler 166 5.2.2 RS Encoding and Data Interleaving 167 5.2.3 TCM Encoder and Interleaver 168 5.2.4 Multiplexing 169 5.2.5 Pilot Insertion and VSB Modulation 170 5.3 Introduction to DVB-T Standard 171 5.3.1 Channel Coding 173 5.3.2 Modulation 176 5.4 Introduction to ISDB-T Standard 180 5.4.1 Multiplexing 184 5.4.2 Channel Coding 185 5.4.3 Constellation Mapping and Modulation 186 5.4.4 TMCC Information 194 5.5 Introduction to DTMB Standard 195 5.5.1 Major System Parameters 197 5.5.2 Input Data Format 198 5.5.3 Scrambler 198 5.5.4 FEC Coding 198 5.5.5 Constellation Mapping 201 5.5.6 Interleaving 203 5.5.7 System Information 205 5.5.8 Signal Frame Structure 206 5.5.9 Frame Header (FH) 207 5.5.10 Frame Body Data Processing 209 5.5.11 Baseband Signal Post Processing 210 5.5.12 RF Output Interface 210 5.5.13 System Payload Data Throughput 213 5.6 Summary 213 References 213 6 Second-Generation DTTB Standards 215 6.1 Introduction to Second-Generation Digital Video Broadcasting 215 6.1.1 System Structure 217 6.1.2 Input Processing 217 6.1.3 Bit-Interleaved Coding and Modulation 220 6.1.4 Frame Builder 226 6.1.5 OFDM Symbol Generation 228 6.2 Introduction to DTMB-A System 235 6.2.1 System Architecture 235 6.2.2 Interface and Data Preprocessing 236 6.2.3 Scrambling Interleaving and Modulation 238 6.2.4 Superframe Structure 245 6.2.5 Signal Frame 247 6.2.6 Synchronization Channel 248 6.2.7 Transmit Diversity 251 6.2.8 Baseband Postprocessing 252 6.2.9 RF Signal 252 6.2.10 Baseband Signal Spectrum Characteristics and Spectrum Mask 252 6.2.11 System Payload Data Rate 253 6.3 Summary 254 References 254 7 Design and Implementation of DTV Receiver 255 7.1 Introduction 255 7.2 Mathematical Principles 259 7.2.1 Channel Synchronization 259 7.2.2 Channel Estimation 262 7.3 Single-Carrier Systems 269 7.3.1 Timing Synchronization 269 7.3.2 Carrier Synchronization 272 7.3.3 Channel Estimation and Equalization 276 7.4 Multicarrier Systems 280 7.4.1 Timing Synchronization 280 7.4.2 Carrier Synchronization 280 7.4.3 Channel Estimation/Equalization for OFDM System 285 7.5 Introduction to DTMB Inner Receiver 288 7.5.1 Frame Synchronization 289 7.5.2 Carrier Synchronization 291 7.5.3 Channel Estimation and Equalization 292 7.6 Summary 297 References 297 8 Network Planning for DTTB Systems 299 8.1 Introduction 299 8.2 Basic Concepts 300 8.2.1 Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 300 8.2.2 Minimal Field Strength 300 8.2.3 Cliff Effect 301 8.2.4 Location Coverage Probability 301 8.2.5 Protection Ratio 302 8.3 Analog and Digital TV Broadcasting 303 8.3.1 Comparison between Analog and Digital Transmissions 303 8.3.2 Frequency Planning for Terrestrial Broadcasting 303 8.3.3 Simulcast of Digital and Analog TV 304 8.3.4 Frequency Utilization of Terrestrial Broadcasting 305 8.4 Multiple-Frequency and Single-Frequency Networks 306 8.4.1 Introduction to MFN 306 8.4.2 Introduction to SFN 307 8.4.3 Classification of SFNs 308 8.4.4 Interference Analysis of SFN 309 8.4.5 Synchronization in SFN 310 8.4.6 Network Gain in SFN 312 8.4.7 Application of SFN 314 8.5 Transmission System of DTTB 314 8.5.1 DTTB Transmitter System 316 8.5.2 DTTB Exciter 318 8.5.3 Power Amplifier 321 8.5.4 Multiplexer 322 8.5.5 Transmitting Antenna 325 8.6 Signal Reception of DTTB 327 8.6.1 Main Impact Factors of Physical DTTB Channel 327 8.6.2 Fixed Reception 328 8.6.3 Portable Reception 328 8.6.4 Mobile Reception 329 8.7 Diversity Techniques 329 8.7.1 Various Diversity Schemes 329 8.7.2 Design Principles of Diversity Schemes for DTTB System 330 8.7.3 Transmit Diversity Technique 331 8.7.4 Receiving Diversity 337 8.8 Summary 343 References 343 9 Performance Measurement on DTTB Systems 345 9.1 Introduction 345 9.2 Measurement Description 345 9.2.1 BER Measurement and Decision Threshold 346 9.2.2 C/N Measurement 350 9.2.3 Input Signal Level to the Receiver 351 9.2.4 Interface Parameters 351 9.2.5 Multipath Models 351 9.2.6 Laboratory Test 351 9.3 Laboratory Test Plan Using DTMB System as Example 354 9.3.1 Laboratory Test Platform 354 9.3.2 Interface Setup of Test Platform 355 9.3.3 C/N Threshold under Gaussian Channel 355 9.3.4 Minimum Reception Level in Gaussian Channel 357 9.3.5 Maximum Reception Level 359 9.3.6 C/N Threshold in Ricean Channel 360 9.3.7 C/N Threshold in Rayleigh Channel 361 9.3.8 Maximum Doppler Frequency Shift in Dynamic Multipath Channel 362 9.3.9 Maximum Delay Spread in Two-Path Channel with 0-dB Echo 364 9.3.10 C/N Threshold in Two-Path Channel with 0-dB Echo 365 9.3.11 Maximum Pulse Width of Impulse Noise Interference 366 9.3.12 C/I Measurement with Cochannel and Adjacent-Channel Analog TV Signal Interference 368 9.3.13 C/I Measurement with Cochannel and Adjacent-Channel DTV Signal Interference 371 9.3.14 C/I Measurement with Single-Tone Interference 372 9.3.15 Antiphase Noise Measurement 375 9.4 Field Test Plan 376 9.4.1 Field Test 376 9.4.2 Objectives of Field Test 377 9.4.3 Testing Signal 379 9.4.4 Antenna 379 9.4.5 Measurement Time 380 9.4.6 Channel Characteristic Recoding 381 9.4.7 Test Location 381 9.4.8 Test Calibration 381 9.4.9 Records and Documents 381 9.4.10 Test: Instruments and Auxiliary Equipment 382 9.4.11 Coverage Test Procedure 383 9.4.12 Service Test Procedures 386 9.4.13 Measurement Guideline of Field Test for DTTB System 389 9.4.14 Field Test Platform 390 9.4.15 Procedure for Fixed Reception Test 390 9.4.16 Mobile Test 391 9.5 Summary 392 References 392 10 Digital Mobile Multimedia Broadcasting Systems 393 10.1 Introduction 393 10.2 DVB-H System 395 10.2.1 Block Diagram of DVB-H System 396 10.2.2 Technical Features of DVB-H System 397 10.3 ATSC-M/H System 402 10.3.1 Frame Structure of ATSC-M/H System 403 10.3.2 ATSC-M/H System Block Diagram 403 10.3.3 Frame Encoding of ATSC-M/H System 405 10.3.4 Block Processor of ATSC-M/H System 406 10.3.5 ATSC-M/H Trellis Encoder 406 10.4 CMMB System 408 10.4.1 Frame Structure of CMMB System 408 10.4.2 Channel Coding of CMMB System 408 10.4.3 CMMB Byte Interleaving 409 10.4.4 Modulation Scheme of CMMB System 411 10.4.5 Payload Data Rate of CMMB System 411 10.5 DVB-NGH 413 10.5.1 Alamouti Scheme 415 10.5.2 eSFN Scheme 416 10.5.3 eSM-PH Scheme 419 10.5.4 Hybrid System 422 10.6 Summary 424 References 426 Index 427
1
Basic Concepts of Digital Terrestrial Television Transmission System
1.1 Introduction and Historic Review
Television is a word of Latin and Greek origin meaning "far sight." In Greek, tele means "far" while visio is "sight" in Latin. A television (TV) system transmits both audio and video signals to millions of households through electromagnetic waves and is one of the most important means of entertainment as well as information access. With the never-ending technological breakthroughs and the continuously increasing demands of audio and video services, the TV system has evolved over generations with several important developmental periods in less than a century.
1.1.1 Birth and Development of Television Black-and-White TV Era
In the mid-1920s, the Scottish inventor John Logie Baird demonstrated the successful transmission of motion images produced by a scanning disk with the resolution of 30 lines, good enough to discern a human face. In 1928, the first TV signal transmission was carried out in Schenectady, New York, and the world's first TV station was established by the British Broadcasting Corporation in London eight years later. After World War II, the black-and-white TV era began. Detailed technical and implementation specifications of TV service, including photography, editing, production, broadcasting, transmission, reception, and networking, were gradually formulated. With the ever-growing popularity of TV viewers, the color TV with better watching experience was invented to simulate the real world.
1.1.2 Analog Color TV Era
In 1940, Peter Carl Goldmark with CBS (Columbia Broadcasting System) Lab invented a color TV system known as the field-sequential system. This system occupied an analog bandwidth of 12 MHz and was carried by 343 lines (~100 lines less than that of the black-and-white TV) at different field scan rates, and hence was incompatible with black-and-white TV. The system started field trial broadcast in 1946, and this is the dawn of the color TV age.
In the 1950s, a color TV signal system called NTSC (National Television Standards Committee) was developed in the United States that was compatible with the black-and-white TV. This scheme uses a luminance-chrominance encoding scheme with red, green, and blue (RGB) primary signals encoded into one luminance signal (Y) and two quadrature-amplitude-modulated color (or chrominance) signals (U and V), and all are transmitted at the same time. An NTSC TV channel occupies 6 MHz bandwidth with the video signal transmitted between 0.5 and 5.45 MHz baseband. The video carrier is 1.25 MHz and the video carrier generates two sidebands, similar to most amplitude-modulated signal, one above the carrier and one below. The sidebands are each 4.2 (5.45-1.25) MHz wide. The entire upper sideband will be transmitted while only 1.25 MHz of the lower sideband (known as a vestigial sideband, VSB) is transmitted. The color subcarrier is 3.579545 MHz above the video carrier and quadrature amplitude modulated with the suppressed carrier while the audio signal is frequency modulated. The NTSC system was deployed in most of North America, parts of South America, Myanmar, South Korea, Taiwan, Japan, the Philippines, and some Pacific island nations and territories. This invention is considered as the landmark of the second stage of the development-the analog color TV era.
A group of French researchers started their work in parallel and this led to the invention of the Sequential Color with Memory (SECAM) system in 1956, and the system was successfully demonstrated in 1961. In the SECAM system, two color difference signals are transmitted alternately (line by line) and frequency modulated by the color subcarrier. This system was adopted by France, the Soviet Union, Eastern European countries (except for Romania and Albania), and Middle East countries and was the first color TV standard in Europe. In 1962, Walter Bruch, a German engineer at Telefunken, put forward the Phase Alternate Line (PAL) system based on the NTSC system in the Federal Republic of Germany. This system performs line-by-line phase inversion of the quadrature component of the chrominance signal in the NTSC system and can effectively offset the phase error and increase the tolerance for differential phase error from ±12° to ±40° in the NTSC system. This new system was adopted by more than 120 countries successively, and in 1972 China decided to adopt it as well.
In the first 70 years of the twentieth century, even though the development of TV had gone through two different phases (black and white and color), the fundamental characteristics of TV signal transmission was unchanged, that is, the TV signal was continuous, or analog, and hence why both black-and-white and color TVs were called analog. In analog TV signal transmission, the amplitude, frequency, phase, or a combination of these parameters of the carrier are changed in accordance with the contents to be transmitted. Linear modulation as well as transmission are therefore achieved in one step. Though simple and straightforward, the analog TV system has the following issues in practice [1]:
- In terms of the quality, long-term storage, and dissemination of the video programs, the analog TV program source suffers from color-luminance interference, large-area flicker, and poor image definition, and it is difficult to replicate the content for too many times.
- In terms of signal transmission efficiency, the analog TV network is largely restricted by the bandwidth available. For example, the PAL system can accommodate only one analog video signal and one analog audio signal in 8 MHz bandwidth, and the spectral efficiency is low. In addition, due to cochannel and adjacent-channel interference in neighboring areas, different analog channels have to be used to carry the same programs to different areas to avoid mutual interference. Therefore, the spectral efficiency is further decreased, and it is very difficult to introduce new programs by assigning additional channels in the same region due to the limited available spectrum.
- In terms of the quality of the signal transmission, the analog TV signal may suffer from "ghosts" from terrestrial broadcasting due to its poor anti-multipath interference ability, which severely affects the viewer's experience. In addition, if the analog TV signal needs to be amplified for a longer transmission distance, the noise accumulation will make the signal quality very poor due to the deteriorating signal-to-noise ratio.
- In terms of the circuitry, network equipment, and terminals of the analog TV system, the geometric distortion of images is inevitable due to the nonlinearity of the circuitry while the phase distortion of the amplifiers would cause color deviation, aggravating the Ghost phenomenon. In addition, the analog TV system suffers from poor stability, time-domain aliasing, low degree of integration, difficulty in calibration, automatic control, and monitoring.
1.1.3 Digital TV Era
People's demands for better audio and video quality of the TV signal has always been a tremendous driving force for the broadcasting industry, and this led to the invention of the digital television (DTV). Also, due to significant technical breakthroughs in the digital signal processing field (including signal acquisition, recording, compression, storage, distribution, transmission, and reception), the semiconductor industry, and other related industries in the past half century, the broadcasting industry is now embracing the third important stage in its history, i.e. the DTV era.
The visual information received by human eyes in daily life is always analog, and the mission of both the first and second generation of TV broadcasting systems (black and white or color) is to transmit these analog signals to the numerous TV sets with the highest possible quality. Although the definition or the structure of the different DTV systems may be slightly different, the core definition or the major functional blocks are the same. They must include the sampling, quantization, and encoding of analog TV programs to convert them into digital format before they are further processed, recorded, stored, and distributed. The sequence segmentation, scrambling, forward error correction coding, modulation, and up conversion are done in the baseband to form the DTV radio frequency (RF) signals after up conversion at the transmit side. At the receive side, after achieving the system synchronization and signal equalization based on accurate channel estimation, inverse operations on the received signal to that at the transmit side will be performed before the final program can be finally displayed on the TV screen. Digital broadcasting technologies not only provide better reception and display performances compared to its analog counterpart but also introduce new functions that are not available with the analog broadcasting technologies. Considering all the advantages digital technology can provide over its analog counterpart, it is obvious that a DTV system can offer high-quality audio visual experiences and more comprehensive services for consumers. Given all these featured services the DTV system can support, digitization is widely considered a fundamental change and new landmark in the TV broadcasting industry, after the introduction of the black-and-white TV and the color TV.
The advantages of DTV over the traditional analog TV can be summarized as follows:
- Better Anti-Interference Ability, No Noise Accumulation, and...
