Vibration Measurement and Analysis

Preface1 Introduction 1.1 Reasons for Measurement 1.2 Single Degree of Freedom Systems 1.3 Two Degrees of Freedom2 General Measurement Requirements 2.1 The Measurement Chain 2.2 Transducer Criteria 2.3 Linearity and Discrimination 2.4 Frequency Range 2.5 Cross-Axis Sensitivity 2.6 Electrical Impedance Matching 2.7 Mechanical Matching 2.8 Conditioning 2.9 Viewing or Recording 2.10 Signal to Noise Ratio3 Types of Transducer 3.1 Classification 3.2 Contact Relative Transducers for Displacement 3.3 Relative Velocity Contact Transducers 3.4 Strain Gauges 3.5 Non-Contact Relative Displacement Transducers 3.6 Doppler Types 3.7 Interferometer Methods 3.8 Seismic Systems 3.9 Accelerometers 3.10 Resistive Accelerometers 3.11 Accelerometer Calibration 3.12 Choice4 Measurement of Sound 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Scales 4.3 Measurement 4.4 Effects of Sound Fields 4.5 Sound Intensity5 Digital Measurement Systems 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Fringe Counting Systems 5.3 Laser and Electrical Systems 5.4 T.E. Measurement 5.5 Torsional Vibration 5.6 Torsional Comparisons6 Signal Conditioning 6.1 Operational Amplifiers 6.2 Sealers, Buffers and Integrators 6.3 Filters and Differentiators 6.4 Low Impedance and Charge Amplifiers 6.5 Displacement, Velocity, Acceleration or Jerk 6.6 Bridge Systems 6.7 Phase Sensitive Detectors 6.8 Enveloping7 Recording 7.1 Direct Writing Systems 7.2 Tape Recording 7.3 Transient Recording 7.4 Digital Recording 7.5 Pre-Processing 7.6 Method Selection 7.7 Aliasing and Sampling8 Vibration Excitation 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Methods Available 8.3 Relative Advantages 8.4 Mass Compensation 8.5 Machine Excitation 8.6 Waterfall Displays 8.7 Reciprocal Theorem 8.8 Model Testing 8.9 Sweep, Random, Chirp and Impulse9 Analysis Methods and Frequency Analysis 9.1 Introduction 9.2 The Raw Vibration 9.3 Frequency Analysis 9.4 The Two Types of Spectrum, Conversions 9.5 Bandwidth and Power 9.6 Choice of Bandwidth 9.7 Methods of Obtaining Spectra 9.8 Windows and Limiting Bandwidth 9.9 Repetitive Waveforms 9.10 Incorrect Amplitudes at Borderlines 9.11 The Importance of Phase Information10 Modulation 10.1 Mechanisms of Carrier Modulation 10.2 Relevance for Testing 10.3 Cepstrum 10.4 Deductions From Modulation 10.5 Random Disturbances11 Correlation and Averaging 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Autocorrelation 11.3 Correlation 11.4 Time Averaging 11.5 Jitter 11.6 Controlled Sampling 11.7 Average or Variation12 Transfer Functions 12.1 Time or Frequency 12.2 Coherence 12.3 Transmissibility 12.4 Identifying Resonances 12.5 Modeshapes 12.6 Modal Analysis13 Signal Filtering and Improvement 13.1 Uses of Filtering 13.2 Filter Order 13.3 Compromises in Selection 13.4 Analogue or Digital 13.5 Bandpass or Resonant Filter 13.6 Bursts of Vibration 13.7 The Hilbert Transform 13.8 Line Elimination and Signal Regeneration14 Condition Monitoring 14.1 The Problem 14.2 Frequency Analysis 14.3 Crest Factor and Kurtosis 14.4 Impulse Detection 14.5 Averaging 14.6 Line Elimination15 Shock Testing 15.1 Introduction 15.2 Large Loads 15.3 High Accelerations 15.4 Measurement16 Automation of Testing 16.1 Introduction 16.2 Relative Speed 16.3 Mode Shapes 16.4 Economics 16.5 Training 16.6 Non-LinearitiesReferencesBibliographyIndex