Chemical Process Design and Integration
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Content
Preface xiii
Acknowledgements xv
Nomenclature xvii
1 The Nature of Chemical Process Design and Integration 1
2 Process Economics 19
3 Optimization 37
4 Chemical Reactors I - Reactor Performance 59
5 Chemical Reactors II - Reactor Conditions 81
6 Chemical Reactors III - Reactor Configuration 107
7 Separation of Heterogeneous Mixtures 125
8 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures I - Distillation 139
9 Separation of Homogeneous Fluid Mixtures II - Other Methods 185
10 Distillation Sequencing 221
11 Distillation Sequencing for Azeotropic Distillation 247
12 Heat Exchange 275
13 Pumping and Compression 349
14 Continuous Process Recycle Structure 377
15 Continuous Process Simulation and Optimization 393
16 Batch Processes 417
17 Heat Exchanger Networks I - Network Targets 457
18 Heat Exchanger Networks II - Network Design 501
19 Heat Exchanger Networks III - Stream Data 543
20 Heat Integration of Reactors 555
21 Heat Integration of Distillation 563
22 Heat Integration of Evaporators and Dryers 577
23 Steam Systems and Cogeneration 583
24 Cooling and Refrigeration Systems 647
25 Environmental Design for Atmospheric Emissions 687
26 Water System Design 721
27 Environmental Sustainability in Chemical Production 781
28 Process Safety 811
Appendix A Physical Properties in Process Design 827
Appendix B Materials of Construction 853
Appendix C Annualization of Capital Cost 861
Appendix D The Maximum Thermal Effectiveness for 1-2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 863
Appendix E Expression for the Minimum Number of 1-2 Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers for a Given
Unit 865
Appendix F Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop in Shell-and-Tube Heat Exchangers 867
Appendix G Gas Compression Theory 875
Appendix H Algorithm for the Heat Exchanger Network Area Target 881
Index 883
Nomenclature
a Activity (-), or constant in cubic equation of state (N·m4·kmol-2), or correlating coefficient (units depend on application), or cost law coefficient ($), or order of reaction (-) amn Group interaction parameter in the UNIFAC Model (K) a1, a2 Profile control parameters in optimization (-) A Absorption factor in absorption (-), or annual cash flow ($), or constant in vapor pressure correlation (N·m-2, bar), or heat exchanger area (m2) AC Cross-sectional area of column (m2) ACF Annual cash flow ($·y-1) AD Area occupied by distillation downcomer (m2) ADCF Annual discounted cash flow ($·y-1) AFIN Area of fins (m) AI Heat transfer area on the inside of tubes (m2), or interfacial area (m2, m2·m-3) AM Membrane area (m2) ANETWORK Heat exchanger network area (m2) AO Heat transfer area on the outside of tubes (m2) AROOT Exposed outside root area of a finned tube (m) ASHELL Heat exchanger area for an individual shell (m2) AF Annualization factor for capital cost (-) capital cost law coefficient (units depend on cost law), or constant in cubic equation of state (m3·kmol-1), or correlating coefficient (units depend on application), or order of reaction (-) bi Bottoms flowrate of Component i (kmol·s-1, kmol·h-1) B Baffle spacing in shell-and-tube heat exchangers (m), or Bottoms flowrate in distillation (kg·s-1, kg·h-1, kmol·s-1, kmol·h-1), or breadth of device (m), or constant in vapor pressure correlation (N·K·m-2, bar·K), or moles remaining in batch distillation (kmol) BC Baffle cut for shell-and-tube heat exchangers (-) BOD Biological oxygen demand (kg·m-3, mg·l-1) c Capital cost law coefficient (-), or correlating coefficient (units depend on application), or order of reaction (-) cD Drag coefficient (-) cf Fanning friction factor (-) cfS Smooth tube Fanning friction factor (-) cL Loss coefficient for pipe or pipe fitting (-) C Concentration (kg·m-3, kmol·m-3, ppm), or constant in vapor pressure correlation (K), or number of components (separate systems) in network design (-) CB Base capital cost of equipment ($) Ce Environmental discharge concentration (ppm) CE Equipment capital cost ($), or unit cost of energy ($·kW-1, $·MW-1) CF Fixed capital cost of complete installation ($) CP Specific heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ·kg-1·K-1, kJ·kmol-1·K-1) Mean heat capacity at constant pressure (kJ·kg-1·K-1, kJ·kmol-1·K-1) CS Corrected superficial velocity in distillation (m·s-1) CV Specific heat capacity at constant volume (kJ·kg-1·K-1, kJ·kmol-1·K-1) C* Solubility of solute in solvent (kg·kg solvent-1) CC Cycles of concentration for a cooling tower (-) CCSTEAM Cumulative cost ($·t-1) COD Chemical oxygen demand (kg·m-3, mg·l-1) COP Coefficient of performance (-) COPAHP Coefficient of performance of an absorption heat pump (-) COPAHT Coefficient of performance of an absorption heat transformer (-) COPAR Coefficient of performance of absorption refrigeration (-) COPCHP Coefficient of performance of a compression heat pump (-) COPHP Coefficient of performance of a heat pump (-) COPREF Coefficient of performance of a refrigeration system (-) CP Capacity parameter in distillation (m·s-1) or heat capacity flowrate (kW·K-1, MW·K-1) CPEX Heat capacity flowrate of heat engine exhaust (kW·K-1, MW·K-1) CW Cooling water d Diameter (µm, m), or correlating coefficient (units depend on application) dC Column inside diameter (m) di Distillate flowrate of Component i (kmol·s-1, kmol·h-1) dI Inside diameter of pipe or tube (m) dP Distillation and absorption packing size (m) dR Outside tube diameter for a finned tube at the root of fins (m) D Distillate flowrate (kg·s-1, kg·h-1, kmol·s-1, kmol·h-1) DB Tube bundle diameter for shell-and-tube heat exchangers (m) DS Inside shell diameter for shell-and-tube heat exchangers (m) DCFRR Discounted cash flowrate of return (%) e Wire diameter (m) E Activation energy of reaction (kJ·kmol-1), or entrainer flowrate in azeotropic and extractive distillation (kg·s-1, kmol·s-1), or exchange factor in radiant heat transfer (-), or extract flowrate in liquid-liquid extraction (kg·s-1, kmol·s-1), or stage efficiency in separation (-) EO Overall stage efficiency in distillation and absorption (-) EP Economic potential...
