Modern Physical Metallurgy

Contents1 The Structure of Atoms and Crystals 1.1 Metallic Characteristics 1.2 The Atom 1.3 The Nomenclature of The Electronic States in An Atom 1.4 The Periodic Table 1.5 Chemical Behaviour and The Metallic Bond 1.6 Arrangement of Atoms in Metals 1.7 Electrons in Metal Crystals 1.8 Metals and Insulators 1.9 Real Crystals and Imperfections 1.10 The Elements of Crystallography 1.11 The Stereographic Projection 2 The Physical Examination of Metals and Alloys 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Metallography 2.3 X-Ray and Neutron Diffraction 2.3.1 The Principles and Methods of X-Ray Diffraction 2.3.2 Neutron Diffraction 2.4 Electron Metallography 2.4.1 Transmission Electron Microscopy 2.4.2 High-Voltage Electron Microscopy 2.4.3 Scanning Electron Microscope 2.4.4 Scanning Transmission Electron Microscopy (Stem) 2.4.5 Convergent Beam Diffraction Patterns (CBDPS) 2.5 Microanalysis 2.5.1 Electron Microanalysis of Thin Foils 2.5.2 Electron Energy Loss Spectroscopy 2.5.2 Auger Electron Spectroscopy 2.6 Field Ion Microscopy 2.7 Mechanical Properties 2.7.1 A The Tensile Test 2.7.2 Hardness Test 2.7.3 Impact Testing 2.7.4 Creep 2.7.5 Fatigue 2.8 Physical Properties 2.8.1 Density 84 2.8.2 Thermal Properties 84 2.8.3 Electrical Conductivity, Superconductivity, Semiconductivity 2.8.4 Magnetic Properties 3 Phase Diagrams and Solidification 3.1 The Determination of Phase Diagrams 3.2 The Equilibrium Or Phase Diagram 3.2.1 Complete Solubility in the Solid State 3.2.2 Complete Insolubility in The Solid State 3.2.3 Partial Solubility in the Solid State 3.2.4 Important Phase Diagrams 3.2.5 Limitations of Phase Diagrams 3.3 Constitutional Undercooling 3.4 Metal Structures 3.5 Zone Refining 3.6 Growth of Single Crystals 3.7 Ternary Equilibrium Diagrams 3.7.1 Ternary Diagram For Complete Solid Solubility 3.7.2 Ternary Eutectic 3.7.3 Ternary Diagrams with Solid Solutions 3.7.4 Ternary Diagrams with A Peritectic 3.7.5 Ternary Systems Containing Intermetallic Phases 4 Thermodynamics of Crystals 4.1 Introduction 4.2 The Effect of Temperature On Metal Crystals 4.3 The Specific Heat Curve and Transformations 4.4 Heat Content, Entropy and Free Energy 4.5 The Statistical Nature of Entropy 4.6 Free Energy of Transformation 4.7 The Variation of Free Energy With Temperature, and Polymorphism 4.8 Thermodynamics of Lattice Defects 4.9 The Rate of Reaction 4.10 The Mechanism of Phase Changes 4.11 The Equilibrium Diagram 4.11.1 Chemical Potential 4.12 Diffusion 4.12.1 The Mechanisms of Diffusion 4.12.2 Factors Affecting Diffusion 4.13 Anelasticity and Internal Friction 5 The Structure of Alloys 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Primary Substitutional Solid Solutions 5.2.1 The Size Factor Effect 5.2.2 The Electrochemical Effect 5.2.3 The Relative Valency Effect 5.3 The Form of The Liquidus and Solidus Curves 5.4 The Primary Solid Solubility Boundary 5.5 Interstitial Solid Solutions 5.6 Intermediate Phases 5.6.1 Electrochemical Compounds 5.6.2 Size Factor Compounds 5.6.3 Electron Compounds 5.7 Order-Disorder Phenomena 5.7.1 Examples of Ordered Structures 5.7.2 Long and Short Range Order 5.7.3 The Detection of Order 5.7.4 The Influence of Ordering On Properties 5.8 The Magnetic Properties of Metals and Alloys 5.8.1 Dia- and Paramagnetism 5.8.2 Ferromagnetism 5.8.3 Magnetic Alloys 5.8.