Cognitive Radio Techniques

Name: Cognitive Radio Techniques | Spectrum Sensing, Interference Mitigation, and Localization
Brand: Artech House
Price: 129.99 EUR
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Spectrum Sensing, Interference Mitigation, and Localization

Kandeepan Sithamparanathan(Author)

Artech House (Publisher)

1st Edition

Published on 1. January 2012

296 pages

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978-1-60807-204-0 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Cognitive Radio Techniques Spectrum Sensing, Interference Mitigation, and Localization
Contents
Preface
1 Introduction to Cognitive Radios
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Definition of Cognitive Radios
1.3 Software-Defined Radios
1.4 The Cognitive Cycle
1.5 The Radio Scene Analysis
1.5.1 Spectrum Occupancy Classification
1.5.2 Hidden Terminals
1.5.3 Locating Primary Users
1.6 Dynamic Spectrum Access and Management
1.6.1 Spectrum Underlay and Overlay
1.7 Regulatory Aspects
1.7.1 The IEEE DySPAN Standards Committee
1.7.2 The IEEE 802.22 WRAN Standards
1.7.3 The ETSI-RRS Technical Committee
1.8 Application Clusters
1.8.1 Cellular Mobile Networks
1.8.2 Energy Efficiency is Wireless Networks
1.8.3 Public Safety Communications
1.8.4 Coexistence of UWB Radio Technology
1.8.5 Wireless Networks for Smart Grids
1.8.6 Vehicular Networks
1.8.7 Defense Application Systems
References
Part I: Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radios
2 Fundamentals of Spectrum Sensing and Detection
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Statistical Detection Techniques
2.2.1 Maximum A Posteriori Detection
2.2.2 Maximum Likelihood Detection
2.2.3 The Neyman-Pearson Detector
2.2.4 The Bayesian Risk-Based Detector
2.3 Continuous and Discrete Signal Detection
2.4 Detection Performance
2.4.1 Detection Performance Versus the SNR
2.4.2 Detection Performance Versus the Signal Observation Length
2.4.3 The ROC Curves
2.4.4 Area Under the ROC Curves
2.5 Wireless Channel Models
2.5.1 Mean Pathloss
2.5.2 Shadowing
2.5.3 Small Scale Fading
2.6 Basic Models for Spectrum Occupancy
2.6.1 The Poisson-Exponential Model
2.6.2 The Markov Modulated Poisson Process
2.6.3 The Poisson-Pareto Burst Process
2.7 Stochastic Analysis of Radio Signals
2.8 Blind, Partial, and Complete Context Aware Signal Detection
2.8.1 Blind Signal Detection
2.8.2 Partial-Context Aware Signal Detection
2.8.3 Fully Context Aware Signal Detection
2.9 Summary
References
3 Introduction to Spectrum Sensing Techniques
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Spectrum Sensing with Energy Detection
3.2.1 Energy Detector
3.2.2 Energy Detector in Gaussian Channel
3.2.3 Energy Detector in Fading Channels
3.2.4 Energy Detector in Fading Channels with Shadowing
3.3 Energy Detection and Noise Power Uncertainty
3.3.1 ED Threshold Mismatch
3.3.2 SNR Wall
3.3.3 Existence of the SNR Wall
3.4 Spectrum Sensing with Cyclostationary Feature Detection
3.4.1 Cyclostationarity Analysis
3.4.2 Cyclostationary Feature-Based Detector
3.5 Spectrum Sensing with Matched Filter Detection
3.6 Other Spectrum Sensing Techniques
3.6.1 Covariance-Based Method
3.6.2 Eigenvalue-Based Method
3.6.3 Wavelet-Based Edge Detection
3.6.4 Spectral Estimation Methods
3.7 Summary
References
4 Temporal Spectrum Sensing and Performance Analysis
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Temporal Periodic-Spectrum Sensing
4.3 P rimary User Spectral Occupancy Model with Poisson Arrival
4.3.1 Exponential Random Spectral Occupancy Time
4.3.2 P areto Random Spectral Occupancy Time
4.3.3 Classifying Primary User Spectrum Occupancy Levels
4.4 Detection Performance of Periodic-Sensing with Poisson Arrival and Deterministic Occupancy Time
4.4.1 Spectral Occupancy Probability
4.4.2 P robability of Detection
4.4.3 False Alarm Probability
4.5 Primary User Misdetection Risk Regions
4.6 Temporal Periodic-Sensing with Poisson-Exponential Occupancy Model
4.7 Temporal Periodic-Sensing with Poisson-Pareto Occupancy Model
4.8 Temporal Periodic-Sensing Performance Comparison with Deterministic and Random Occupancies
4.9 Temporal Periodic-Sensing in Noise
4.10 Temporal Periodic-Sensing in Noise with Signal Fading/Shadowing
4.11 Optimum Sensing Period
4.12 Reality of Spectrum Occupancy Models
4.13 Summary
References
5 Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Spatio-Temporal Fusion Strategy
5.2.1 Synchronized Reporting
5.2.2 Nonsynchronized Reporting
5.3 Hard Decision Fusion
5.3.1 Chair-Varshney Fusion Strategy
5.3.2 The M-out-of-N Fusion Strategy
5.4 Soft Decision Fusion
5.4.1 Optimal Soft Decision Fusion
5.4.2 Equal Gain Soft Decision Fusion
5.4.3 Maximal Ratio Soft Decision Fusion
5.5 Cluster-Based Cooperative Spectrum Sensing
5.5.1 Space-Divisional Cluster
5.5.2 Frequency-Divisional Cluster
5.5.3 Time-Divisional Cluster
5.6 Noisy Reporting Channels
5.7 Other Issues in Cooperative Sensing
5.7.1 Cooperation Overhead and the Reporting Channel
5.7.2 Unreliable Reporter and Accreditation
5.7.3 Security Issues
5.7.4 Knowledge Distribution
5.7.5 Spatial Limitation
5.8 Summary
References
6 Distributed Spectrum Sensing
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Parallel Topology-Based Distributed Sensing
6.3 Sequential Topology-Based Distributed Sensing
6.3.1 Detection Performance
6.4 Tree Topology-Based Distributed Sensing
6.5 Ring-Around Distributed Sensing
6.5.1 Message Passing in Ring-Around Sensing
6.5.2 Hard Decision Fusion with the OR Rule
6.5.3 Equal Ratio Combining Soft Decision-Based Fusion
6.6 Summary
References
7 Advanced Spectrum Sensing Topics
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Spectrum Sensing in UWB Radios with Frequency Sweeping
7.3 Spectrum Sensing in OFDM Systems
7.3.1 The Likelihood Ratio Test
7.3.2 Frequency Domain Detection
7.4 Combined Localization and Detection of Primary Users
7.4.1 Detection Using the Llikelihood Function fr|Hi (rïHi)
7.4.2 Detection Using the Output of L
7.5 Sequential Spectrum Sensing
7.5.1 The Sequential Probability Ratio Test
7.6 Spectrum Sensing with Ordered Statistics
7.7 Spectrum Sensing with Reconfigurable Antennas
7.7.1 Frequency Reconfigurability
7.7.2 Radiation Pattern Reconfigurability
7.8 Spectrum Sensing in 3D-Space
7.9 Summary
References
Part II:Coexistence and Interference Mitigation Techniques
8 Fundamentals of Coexistence and Interference Mitigation Techniques
8.1 Interference in Cognitive Radio and its Characterization
8.1.1 Intentional Interference: From Jamming to Emulation
8.1.2 Unintentional Interference
8.1.3 Metrics to Quantify Interference and its Effects
8.2 Coexistence Scenarios
8.2.1 Spatial Configuration of the Systems
8.2.2 From Narrowband to Ultrawideband
8.2.3 The Coexistence Region
8.3 Interference Mitigation Techniques
8.3.1 Interference Mitigation in Spread Spectrum CRs
8.3.2 Power Control
8.3.3 Band Relocation
8.3.4 Spectrum Shaping
8.3.5 Adaptive Antenna Techniques
8.4 Summary and Further Readings
References
9 Coexistence Analysis
9.1 Coexistence Between Heterogeneous Wireless Systems
9.2 Channel Model
9.2.1 Block Fading Channel
9.3 Interference Modeling
9.3.1 Gaussian Approximation
9.3.2 Tone Approximation
9.3.3 Multitone Approximation
9.3.4 Band-Limited Gaussian Process Approximation
9.3.5 Pulse Train Model
9.3.6 Modeling the Interfering Power
9.4 The Effect of Narrowband Interference on a Wideband Communication
9.4.1 Single-Carrier WB Communication in the Presence of NB Interference
9.4.2 Multicarrier WB Communication in the Presence of NB Interference
9.5 The Effect of Wideband Interference an a Narrowband Communication
9.5.1 Single-Carrier NB Communication in the Presence of WB Interference
9.5.2 Multicarrier NB Communication in the Presence of WB Interference
9.6 Summary and Further Readings
References
10 Coexistence in Network Scenarios
10.1 Coexistence Between Heterogeneous Networks
10.1.1 Network Scenario Definition
10.2 Statistical Characterization of Network Interference
10.2.1 Interference Generated Outside the Guard Zone
10.2.2 Interference From the Whole Plane
10.3 The Effect of Interference on Performance of Coexisting Networks
10.3.1 Transmission Characteristics of the Nodes
10.3.2 Narrowband Communication in the Presence of Wideband Network Interference
10.3.3 Wideband Communication in the Presence of Narrowband Network Interference
10.4 Performance Examples of Heterogeneous Coexisting Networks
10.5 Summary and Further Readings
References
11 Interference Mitigation Techniques Enabling Coexistence
11.1 Cognitive Radio Transmission Techniques Enabling coexistence
11.1.1 Spectrum Interweave: Interference Avoiding Behavior
11.1.2 Spectrum Underlay: Interference Controlling Behavior
11.1.3 Spectrum Overlay: Interference Mitigating Behavior
11.2 The Secondary User Perspective: Performance of CR Transmission Strategies
11.2.1 System Model
11.2.2 Comparison of the SU Achievable Rates
11.3 The Primary User Perspective: Impact of CR Transmission Strategies
11.3.1 The Scenario
11.3.2 Cognitive Network Interference as a Misdetection Problem
11.3.3 PU Outage due to Misdetection by a Single SU
11.3.4 PU Outage Due to Misdetections in a Cognitive Network
11.3.5 A Case Study
11.4 Summary and Further Readings
References
12 Advanced Interference Mitigation Techniques
12.1 Interference Mitigation Techniques in UWB Radios
12.1.1 Interference Mitigation in UWB Impulse Radio
12.1.2 Interference Mitigation in MB-OFDM UWB Radio
12.2 Interference Mitigation in Spatial Domain
12.2.1 Example: MIMO Beamforming
12.3 Summary and Further Readings
References
Part III: Localization and Radio Environment Mapping
13 Fundamentals of Ranging and Localization for Cognitive Radio
13.1 Ranging Techniques and Enabling Technologies
13.1.1 Time-Based Ranging
13.1.2 RSS-Based Ranging
13.1.3 Other Ranging Techniques
13.1.4 Error Sources in Time-Based Ranging
13.2 Performance Limits of Time-based Ranging: From Theory to Practice
13.2.1 Theoretical Performance Limits
13.2.2 Practical Schemes
13.3 Cognitive Ranging
13.4 Localization Techniques
13.4.1 Single-Hop Localization
13.4.2 Multihop Localization
13.4.3 Anchor-Free Localization
13.4.4 Location Tracking
13.4.5 Case Study
13.5 Summary and Further Readings
References
14 Localization of Primary Users
14.1 Localization of Noncollaborative Emitters
14.1.1 Range-Free Localization of PUs
14.1.2 Semirange-Based Localization of PUs
14.1.3 RSSI-Based Localization of PUs
14.1.4 Other Range-Based Algorithms
14.1.5 Tracking of PUs
14.1.6 Case Study
14.2 Radio Environment Mapping
14.2.1 Radio Cartography
14.2.2 Database for SU Access Control
14.3 Summary and Further Readings
References
15 Conclusions and Future Work
Glossary
About the Authors
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