
Protections for Religious Rights: Law and Practice
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Content
- Cover
- THE PROTECTIONS FOR RELIGIOUS RIGHTS
- Copyright
- FOREWORD
- PREFACE
- CONTENTS
- Table of Cases
- Table of Legislation
- List of Abbreviations
- 1. Introduction
- A. Preamble
- B. A Short History of English Law and Religious Rights
- (1) Medieval England
- (2) The English Reformation and establishment of the Church of England
- (3) The dismantling of restrictions on religious freedom
- (4) Religious freedom in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries
- (5) The position of the Church of England in the twenty-first century
- I INTERNATIONAL STANDARDS AND PROTECTIONS
- 2. The United Nations Standards and Protections
- A. Introduction
- (1) The importance of international law in the protection of religious rights
- (2) The role of international law in domestic courts
- (3) The UN framework of protection for religious rights
- B. Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948
- (1) An important reference point for the protection of religious rights
- (2) Article 18
- (3) Indirect protections
- C. International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights 1966
- (1) The framework of protection
- (2) Substantive protections: Article 18 and General Comment 22
- (3) Substantive protections: Article 27 and indirect protections
- (4) Practice and procedure
- D. UN Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief 1981
- E. UN Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Religion or Belief
- (1) The mandate
- (2) Working methods
- F. UN Convention on the Rights of the Child 1989
- (1) Article 14(1)
- (2) Article 14(2)
- (3) Article 14(3)
- (4) Related provisions
- 3. The European Standards and Protections
- A. The European Convention on Human Rights
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Article 9 ECHR: an overview
- (3) When is Article 9 engaged?
- (4) Has there been an interference with Article 9 rights?
- (5) Is the interference justified under Article 9(2)?
- (6) Article 14 ECHR
- (7) Bringing an ECHR claim: procedure and remedies
- B. Religious Rights in the Context of the European Union
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Overview: fundamental rights within the EU framework
- (3) Religion in European law: provisions and substantive principles
- (4) Religion in European law: practical principles
- 4. Comparative Perspectives
- A. Australia (Paul Babie)
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Protecting religious freedom
- (3) The principal Australian contexts in which religious rights arise
- (4) Conclusion
- B. Canada (Howard Kislowicz)
- (1) Main provisions and brief historical perspective
- (2) Key constitutional and statutory materials
- (3) Leading cases
- C. India (Mara Malagodi)
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Background
- (3) The constitutional framework
- (4) Key constitutional provisions, statutes, and case law
- (5) Conclusions
- D. New Zealand (Saeeda Verrall)
- (1) Introduction
- (2) New Zealand's religious landscape at a glance
- (3) Legislation relating to religious rights and freedoms
- (4) Jurisprudence considering religious rights
- (5) Conclusions
- E. Northern Ireland (Claire Archbold)
- (1) Constitutional law
- (2) Human rights
- (3) Discrimination law
- (4) Education
- (5) Family Law
- (6) Wills, trusts, and property law
- (7) Charities
- (8) Planning
- (9) Criminal law
- F. Republic of Ireland (James Anderson and Claire Archbold)
- (1) Constitutional law
- (2) Human Rights
- (3) Criminal law
- (4) Family law
- (5) Education law
- (6) Employment and discrimination law
- (7) Charity law
- G. South Africa (Waheeda Amien)
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Constitutional provisions
- (3) Jurisprudence
- (4) Main principles emerging from the case law
- (5) Conclusion
- H. Turkey (Mine Yildirim)
- (1) General framework
- (2) The constitutional protection of freedom of religion or belief: article 24
- (3) The approach of the higher courts to religious rights
- I. United States (Nicholas Hatzis)
- (1) The First Amendment
- (2) Direct interference with freedom of religion
- (3) Indirect interference with freedom of religion
- II DOMESTIC PROTECTIONS
- 5. The Human Rights Act 1998
- A. Introduction
- B. Article 9
- (1) Religion or belief
- (2) Manifestation of belief
- (3) Interference
- (4) Justifi cation
- (5) Article 9 in combination with Article 14
- (6) Section 13 HRA 1998
- C. Remedies
- (1) Available remedies and jurisdiction
- (2) Sections 3 and 4 HRA 1998
- (3) Damages
- (4) Prerogative orders
- (5) Declarations and injunctions
- (6) Remedies in criminal proceedings
- D. Procedure
- (1) Introduction
- (2) HRA-based judicial review
- (3) Free-standing claims
- (4) Other legal proceedings
- 6. The Equality Act 2010
- A. Introduction
- B. Background
- C. Protected Characteristics
- (1) Religion or belief
- (2) Race
- D. Prohibited Conduct
- (1) Direct discrimination
- (2) Indirect discrimination
- (3) Harassment
- (4) Victimization
- E. Exceptions
- (1) Employment
- (2) Services and public functions, premises and associations
- (3) Services and public functions-specifi c exemptions from section 29
- F. Advancement of Equality
- (1) Public sector equality duty
- (2) Positive action
- G. Procedure and Remedies
- (1) Proceedings in the county court
- (2) Proceedings in the employment tribunal
- (3) Transitional provisions
- 7. Services and Public Functions, Premises, Associations
- A. Introduction
- B. Legislative History
- C. Who and What is Protected?
- (1) Provision of services and public functions
- (2) Premises
- (3) Associations
- (4) The 'religious organisations' exception
- D. Procedure and Remedies
- 8. Religion and Employment
- A. Introduction
- B. Discrimination Law
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Legislative history
- (3) Who and what is protected?
- C. Unfair Dismissal and Other Protections
- (1) Unfair dismissal
- (2) Human rights law
- (3) Protections under the School Standards and Framework Act 1998
- D. Time Off for Religious Observance
- (1) Sunday working for shop workers
- (2) Other requests for time off work
- E. Religious Symbols and Dress
- (1) The ECHR
- (2) Discrimination law
- F. Refusal of Work Tasks
- (1) Conscientious objection clauses
- (2) Work tasks and beliefs concerning same-sex couples
- G. Expression of Religious Views in the Workplace
- H. Religious Rights of Employers
- (1) Exceptions under the Equality Act 2010
- (2) The School Standards and Framework Act 1998
- (3) Protections under the ECHR
- I. Procedure and Remedies
- (1) Discrimination claims
- (2) Claims for unfair dismissal
- 9. Religion and Education
- A. Introduction
- (1) Overview of this chapter
- (2) Key legal sources
- B. Educational Provision in the United Kingdom
- (1) The basic types of school
- (2) Faith schools
- (3) Academies
- C. Teaching and Content
- (1) Religious education and collective worship
- (2) Sex education
- (3) Corporal punishment
- (4) Absence from school for religious holidays, festivals, and pilgrimages
- D. Discrimination in Education
- (1) Discrimination by schools
- (2) Discrimination in the exercise of public functions
- (3) School transport
- E. Admissions
- (1) Overview of admissions law
- (2) Faith-based admissions criteria
- (3) Preferences for schools based on religion or belief
- F. Dress and Symbols in Schools
- (1) School uniform and religious dress
- (2) Religious symbols in schools
- 10. Religious Expression and Toleration
- A. Introduction
- B. Blasphemy
- (1) Origins
- (2) Application and development in the twentieth and twenty-first centuries
- (3) Abolition
- C. Religious Hatred and Other Public Order Off ences
- (1) Religious hatred off ences
- (2) Hatred against persons on grounds of sexual orientation
- (3) Other public order off ences and the ECHR
- (4) Jurisprudence of the ECtHR
- D. Toleration and Conscientious Objection
- (1) Toleration in statute
- (2) Conscientious objection
- 11. Religion and the Family
- A. Marriage
- (1) Introduction
- (2) The Marriage Act and religious marriages
- (3) Marriage is not a manifestation of religious belief
- B. Civil Partnership
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Religious premises: the changes brought in by the Equality Act 2010
- C. Divorce
- (1) Introduction
- (2) The relationship between civil and religious termination of marriages
- (3) Section 10A of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973
- (4) Alternative dispute resolution with religious bodies
- D. Upbringing of Children
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Private law cases
- (3) Public law cases
- 12. Protections for Religious Rights in Other Areas
- A. Places of Worship
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Ratings exemption
- (3) Solemnization of marriages
- (4) Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860
- B. Church Courts
- C. Rituals, Burials, and Ceremonies
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Common law rights of burial
- (3) Funerary rites of other religions
- D. Criminal Law
- E. Planning and the Environment
- (1) Introduction
- (2) Planning decisions/material considerations
- (3) Planning and Article 9 ECHR
- (4) Planning and the public sector equality duty
- F. Charitable Status
- G. Prisons
- H. Animal Slaughter
- Appendix I: United Nations Standards and Protections
- Appendix II: European Standards and Protections
- Appendix III: Domestic Standards and Protections
- Appendix IV: Constitutional Protections Around the World
- Index
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