Cloud and IoT-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks
Description
This book details the architecture behind smart cars being fitted and connected with vehicular cloud computing, IoT and VANET as part of the intelligent transport system (ITS).
As technology continues to weave itself more tightly into everyday life, socioeconomic development has become intricately tied to ever-evolving innovations. An example of this is the technology being developed to address the massive increase in the number of vehicles on the road, which has resulted in more traffic congestion and road accidents. This challenge is being addressed by developing new technologies to optimize traffic management operations.
This book describes the state-of-the-art of the recent developments of Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing-based concepts that have been introduced to improve Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks (VANET) with advanced cellular networks such as 5G networks and vehicular cloud concepts. 5G cellular networks provide consistent, faster and more reliable connections within the vehicular mobile nodes. By 2030, 5G networks will deliver the virtual reality content in VANET which will support vehicle navigation with real time communications capabilities, improving road safety and enhanced passenger comfort.
In particular, the reader will learn:
* A range of new concepts in VANETs, integration with cloud computing and IoT, emerging wireless networking and computing models
* New VANET architecture, technology gap, business opportunities, future applications, worldwide applicability, challenges and drawbacks
* Details of the significance of 5G Networks in VANET, vehicular cloud computing, edge (fog) computing based on VANET.
Audience
The book will be widely used by researchers, automotive industry engineers, technology developers, system architects, IT specialists, policymakers and students.
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Persons
Gurinder Singh, Group Vice Chancellor - Amity Universities, Director General, Amity Group of Institutions and Vice Chairman, Global Foundation for Learning Excellence & Director General Amity International Business School, has an extensive experience of more than 26 years in Institutional Building, Teaching, Consultancy, Research & Industry. A renowned scholar & academician in the area of International Business, he holds a prestigious Doctorate in the area along with a Post Graduate degree from Indian Institute of Foreign Trade.
Vishal Jain is an associate professor at Bharati Vidyapeeth's Institute of Computer Applications and Management (BVICAM), New Delhi, India. He has more than 350 research citation indices with Google Scholar (h-index score 9 and i-10 index 9). He has authored more than 70 research papers in reputed conferences and journals indexed by Web of Science and Scopus, as well as authored and edited more than 10 books with various international publishers. His research areas include information retrieval, semantic web, ontology engineering, data mining, adhoc networks, and sensor networks.
Jyotir Moy Chatterjee is working as an Assistant Professor (IT) at Lord Buddha Education Foundation, Kathmandu, Nepal. He has completed M.Tech in Computer Science & Engineering from Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, India.
Loveleen Gaur, Professor and Program Director (MBA Business Intelligence and Data Analytics), Amity International Business School, Amity University, Noida. Loveleen Gaur is an established Author, Researcher, Teacher, Educator, consultant, Administrator and Program leader. She has published about 12 books and more than 80 research papers in high quality impact journals.
Content
Preface xv
Acknowledgment xix
1 IoT in 5th Generation Wireless Communication 1
Sandeep Mathur and Ankita Arora
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 Internet of Things With Wireless Communication 3
1.2.1 Modules Used for the Communication Protocol 5
1.2.1.1 Wi-Fi Modules for the Connectivity in Less Range 5
1.2.1.2 Wi-Fi Modules for Connectivity in Long Range 6
1.2.2 The Relation Between the Different Internet of Things Protocol 7
1.2.2.1 Effect of Distinction Among Node and Transmission Power 8
1.3 Internet of Things in 5G Mobile Computing 9
1.3.1 Practical Aspects of Integrating the Internet of Things With 5G Technologies 10
1.3.2 The Working of the 5G for the People and Its Generalization 14
1.3.3 5G Deployment Snapshot 15
1.3.4 Architecture of Internet of Things With 5G 16
1.4 Internet of Things and 5G Integration With Artificial Intelligence 16
1.4.1 Opportunity in the Future 20
1.4.2 Challenges Arising 21
1.4.2.1 The Management of IoT Devices Might Become Additional Efficient 21
1.4.2.2 5G Protocol Flaws Might Cause Security Flaws 22
1.4.2.3 5G Could Amend the Styles of Attacks Folks With IoT Devices 22
1.5 A Genetic Algorithm for 5G Technologies With Internet of Things 23
1.5.1 System Model 24
1.5.2 The Planned Algorithm 24
1.6 Conclusion & Future Work 27
References 27
2 Internet of Things-Based Service Discovery for the 5G-VANET Milieu 31
P. Dharanyadevi, M. Julie Therese and K. Venkatalakshmi
2.1 VANET 32
2.2 5G 33
2.2.1 Why is 5G Used in VANET? 34
2.3 Service Discovery 34
2.4 Service Discovery in 5G-VANET Milieu 36
2.4.1 Service Discovery Methods 36
2.4.2 A Framework of Service Discovery in the 5G-VANET Milieu 36
2.5 Service Discovery Architecture for 5G-VANET Milieu 39
2.5.1 Vehicle User Side Discovery 39
2.5.2 Service Provider Side Discovery 39
2.5.3 Service Instance 39
2.5.4 Service Registry 40
2.6 Performance Evaluation Metrics for Service Discovery Mechanism in the 5G-VANET Milieu 41
2.7 The Advantage of Service Discovery in the 5G-VANET Milieu 41
2.8 The Disadvantage of Service Discovery in the 5G-VANET Milieu 42
2.9 Future Enhancement and Research Directions 42
2.10 Conclusions 43
References 43
3 IoT-Based Intelligent Transportation System for Safety 47
Suthanthira Vanitha, N., Radhika, K., Maheshwari, M., Suresh, P. and Meenakshi, T.
3.1 Introduction 48
3.2 Elements of ITS 48
3.3 Role of ITS in Safety 50
3.4 Sensor Technologies 50
3.4.1 Implanted Vehicle Sensor Applications 52
3.5 Classification of Vehicle Communication Systems 53
3.5.1 V2V Communication Access Technologies 55
3.6 IoT in Vehicles 56
3.7 Embedded Controllers 58
3.8 ITS Challenges and Opportunities 61
References 62
4 Cloud and IoT-Based Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks (VANET) 67
Sunita Sunil Shinde, Ravi M.Yadahalli and Ramesh Shabadkar
4.1 Introduction to VANET 68
4.2 Vehicle-Vehicle Communication (V2V) 68
4.3 Vehicle-Infrastructure Communication (V2I) 68
4.4 Vehicle-Broadband Cloud Communication (V2B) 68
4.5 Characteristics of VANET 71
4.6 Prime Applications 74
4.7 State-of-the-Art Technologies 74
4.7.1 DSRC/WAVE 74
4.7.2 4G-LTE 76
4.8 VANET Challenges 76
4.9 Video Streaming Broadcasting 78
4.9.1 Video Streaming Mechanisms 79
4.9.2 Video Streaming Classes Over VANET 80
References 80
5 Interleavers-Centric Conflict Management Solution for 5G Vehicular and Cellular-IoT Communications 83
Manish Yadav and Pramod Kumar Singhal
5.1 Introduction 84
5.2 Background 85
5.2.1 Vehicular Communication 85
5.2.2 IoT Communication 87
5.3 Device Identity Conflict Issue 89
5.4 Related Work 89
5.5 Interleavers-Centric Conflict Management (ICM) 90
5.5.1 The Essence of Conflict Resolution 90
5.5.2 The Motivation 91
5.5.3 ICM: An Approach for Conflict Resolution 91
5.5.3.1 Advantages of ICM 92
5.5.3.2 Recommended Interleavers for ICM 93
5.6 Signaling Procedures for Enabling ICM 93
5.6.1 Signaling Between CIoT UE and Cellular or CIoT RAN 93
5.6.2 Signaling Trilogy for CIoT Communications 95
5.6.3 Signaling for V2I Communications 96
5.6.4 Signaling for gNB-Initiated Software Upgrade 97
5.7 Conclusion 98
References 99
6 Modeling of VANET for Future Generation Transportation System Through Edge/Fog/Cloud Computing Powered by 6G 105
Suresh Kumar, K., Radha Mani, A.S., Sundaresan, S. and Ananth Kumar, T.
6.1 Introduction 106
6.2 Related Works 109
6.3 Proposed System Overview 111
6.3.1 Driver Monitoring System 111
6.3.2 Edge/Fog/Cloud Computing 113
6.3.3 Software Defined Networking (SDN) Along With VANET 113
6.3.4 Integration of VANET With 5G Networks 114
6.3.5 IoT with 6G Networks 114
6.4 Modeling of Proposed System 115
6.5 Results and Discussion 118
6.6 Conclusion 122
References 122
7 Integrating IoT and Cloud Computing for Wireless Sensor Network Applications 125
M. Julie Therese, P. Dharanyadevi and K. Harshithaa
7.1 Introduction 125
7.1.1 IoT Architecture 126
7.1.2 Cloud Front End and Back End Architecture 128
7.1.3 Wireless Sensor Network 129
7.1.4 IoT Cloud and WSN Architecture 132
7.1.5 Research Motive 132
7.2 Challenges and Opportunities 133
7.2.1 Challenges IoT Cloud Faces 133
7.2.2 Opportunities IoT Cloud Offers 134
7.3 Case Study 134
7.3.1 Case 1 Improved Pollution Monitoring System for Automobiles Using Cloud-Based Wireless Sensor Networks 137
7.3.2 Case 2 Hybrid Electric Vehicle 138
7.4 Conclusion 139
References 140
8 Comparative Study on Security and Privacy Issues in VANETs 145
B. Tarakeswara Rao, R.S.M. Lakshmi Patibandla and V. Lakshman Narayana
8.1 Introduction 146
8.2 Characteristics of VANETs 149
8.2.1 VANETs Features 149
8.2.2 Challenges in VANET 150
8.2.3 Mitigating Features 151
8.3 Literature Survey 152
8.4 Authentication Requirements in VANETs Communications 153
8.4.1 Security Model for VANETs' Communication 154
8.4.2 VANET Security Services 155
8.4.3 Security Recommendation 156
8.4.4 Comparative Analysis 157
8.5 Conclusion 160
References 160
9 Software Defined Network Horizons and Embracing its Security Challenges: From Theory to Practice 163
Sugandhi Midha, Khushboo Tripathi and M.K. Sharma
9.1 Introduction 164
9.2 Background and Literature Survey 166
9.3 Objective and Scope of the Chapter 169
9.4 SDN Architecture Overviews 171
9.5 Open Flow 174
9.6 SDN Security Architecture 178
9.7 Techniques to Mitigate SDN Security Threats 180
9.7.1 Performance Metrics 186
9.7.2 Performance Tests 186
9.7.3 Data Hiding-Based Geo Location Authentication Protocol 188
9.7.4 Identity Access Management (IAM) Extended Policies 191
9.7.5 Extended Identity-Based Cryptography 192
9.8 Future Research Directions 194
9.9 Conclusions 195
References 196
10 Bio-Inspired Routing in VANET 199
Alankrita Aggarwal, Shivani Gaba, Shally Nagpal and Bhavanshu Vig
10.1 Introduction 199
10.2 Geography-Based Routing 202
10.3 Topology-Based Routing 203
10.3.1 Drawbacks 203
10.3.2 Literature Review 204
10.4 Biological Computing 208
10.5 Elephant Herding Optimization Algorithm 209
10.6 Research Methodology 211
10.6.1 Clan Operator 211
10.6.2 Separating Operator 212
10.6.3 Simulation Results 213
10.7 Conclusion 216
References 216
11 Distributed Key Generation for Secure Communications Between Different Actors in Service Oriented Highly Dense VANET 221
Deena Nath Gupta and Rajendra Kumar
11.1 Introduction 222
11.2 Hierarchical Clustering 224
11.3 Layer-Wise Key Generation 225
11.4 Implementation 226
11.5 Randomness Test 227
11.6 Brute Force Attack Analysis 228
11.7 Conclusion 229
References 230
12 Challenges, Benefits and Issues: Future Emerging VANETs and Cloud Approaches 233
Bhanu Chander
12.1 Introduction 234
12.2 VANET Background 236
12.3 VANET Communication Standards 238
12.4 VANET Applications 239
12.4.1 Safety Applications 239
12.4.2 Non-Safety Applications 240
12.5 VANET Sensing Technologies 242
12.5.1 Sensing Technology 242
12.5.2 Positioning Technologies 243
12.5.3 Vision Technologies 244
12.5.4 Vehicular Networks 244
12.6 Trust in Ad Hoc Networks 244
12.6.1 Cryptographic Approaches 245
12.6.2 Recommendation-Based Approaches 245
12.6.3 Fuzzy Logic-Based Approaches 245
12.6.4 Game Theory-Based Approaches 246
12.6.5 Infrastructure-Based Approaches 246
12.6.6 Road- and Consensus-Based Advances 246
12.6.7 Blockchain-Based Approaches 246
12.6.8 Machine Learning Base Trust Management in Vehicular Networks 247
12.6.9 Trust in Cellular-Based (5G) VANET 247
12.6.10 Software-Defined VANET (SDVANET) 247
12.6.11 Trust in Vehicular Social Networks (VSN) 248
12.6.12 Future Challenges in VANET Trust Technique 248
12.7 Software-Defined Network (SDN) in VANET 249
12.7.1 Literature Work on SDVN 250
12.7.2 Advantages 251
12.7.3 Challenge 252
12.8 Clustering Approaches: Issues 253
12.9 Up-and-Coming Technologies for Potential VANET 254
12.9.1 Edge Cloud Computing 254
12.9.1.1 Fog Computing 254
12.9.1.2 Mobile Edge Computing (MEC) 255
12.9.1.3 Cloudlets 255
12.10 Challenges, Open Issues and Future Work of VANETs 256
12.10.1 Challenges of VANET 256
12.10.2 Open Issues in VANET Development 257
12.10.3 Future Research Work 258
12.11 Conclusion 259
References 260
13 Role of Machine Learning for Ad Hoc Networks 269
Shivani Gaba, Alankrita Aggarwal and Shally Nagpal
13.1 Introduction 270
13.2 Literature Survey 273
13.3 Machine Learning Computing 277
13.3.1 Reinforcement Learning 277
13.3.2 Q-Learning/Transfer Learning 278
13.3.3 Fuzzy Logic 278
13.3.4 Logistic Regression 279
13.4 Methodology 280
13.4.1 Rate Estimation Algorithm 280
13.4.2 Route Selection Algorithm 281
13.4.3 Algorithm for Congestion Free Route (Congestion Algorithm) 283
13.5 Simulation Results 284
13.6 Conclusions 287
References 287
14 Smart Automotive System With CV2X-Based Ad Hoc Communication 293
Rabindranath Bera
14.1 Introduction 294
14.2 Realization of Smart Vehicle 300
14.3 Analysis of NXP Smart Vehicle Architecture 303
14.4 Smart Vehicle Proof of Concept (POC) 308
14.4.1 ECE, SMIT Adaptation of 3GPP 5G Standard for 5G-Enabled Smart Vehicle 308
14.4.2 Emulation of Smart Vehicle at ECE, SMIT LAB 308
14.4.2.1 Emulation of V2I (Vehicle to Infrastructure) 5G URLLC Communication Between i) One Intelligent Roadside Unit (RSU), ii) One Smart Vehicle (SV) 308
14.4.2.2 Emulation of V2V (Vehicle to Vehicle) 5G URLLC Communication Between Two Smart Vehicles i) One Smart Vehicle (SV1), ii) Another Smart Vehicle (SV2) 314
14.5 Smart Vehicle Trials 315
14.6 System Comparison 321
14.7 Summary and Conclusion 321
Acknowledgement 321
References 321
15 QoS Enhancement in MANET 325
Jayson K. Jayabarathan, S. Robinson and A. Sivanantha Raja
15.1 Introduction 325
15.2 Priority Aware Mechanism (PAM) 327
15.3 Power Aware Mechanism 329
15.4 Hybrid Mechanism 330
15.5 Simulation Results and Discussion 332
15.6 Performance Comparison 339
15.7 Conclusion 342
References 346
16 Simulating a Smart Car Routing Model (Implementing MFR Framework) in Smart Cities 349
Nada M. Alhakkak
16.1 Introduction 350
16.2 Background 350
16.3 Literature Review 352
16.4 Methodology 355
16.4.1 System Framework 355
16.5 Discussion and a Future Direction 357
16.5.1 Case Study 358
16.5.2 Fog-Simulator 361
16.5.3 MOA-Simulator 361
16.5.4 CloudSim-Simulator 361
16.6 Conclusions 364
References 365
17 Potentials of Network-Based Unmanned Aerial Vehicles 369
P. K. Garg
17.1 Introduction 370
17.2 Applications of UAVs 371
17.3 Advantages of UAVs 375
17.4 UAV Communication System 376
17.5 Types of Communication 378
17.6 Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) System 380
17.7 The Swarm Approach 383
17.7.1 Infrastructure-Based Swarm Architecture 384
17.7.2 FANET-Based Swarm Architecture 385
17.8 Market Potential of UAVs 391
17.9 Conclusion 392
References 393
Index 399
1
IoT in 5th Generation Wireless Communication
Sandeep Mathur* and Ankita Arora
Amity Institute of Information Technology, Amity University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
During the last decade, the Internet of Things (IoT) has reformed the universal registering with a large variety of utilization worked around totally different styles of sensors. With an oversized portion of the problems at convenience and convention levels apprehended throughout the previous decade, there is a developing pattern in the change of integrity of detectors and sensor-based frameworks with digital framework. IoT advances, for instance, machine to machine correspondence supplemented with perceptive information examination is relied upon the qualitative fast moving computer networks. The event of distributed computing and its augmentation to mist worldview with a multiplication of savvy 'shrewd' gadgets is relied upon to steer additional advancement in IoT. These enhancements energize the United States and structure a plan to summary actual work, arrange new ways, and acknowledge new uses of IoT. Specialists, researchers, and designers face developing difficulties in structuring IoT-based frameworks which will proficiently be coordinated with the 5G (5th Generation) remote correspondences. 5G considered as a principal empowering agent in satisfying consistently expanding needs for the future "IoT" administrations, including high information rate, various gadgets association, and low assistance dormancy. To fulfil these requests, organize cutting and mist registering have been considered as the promising arrangements in the 5G administration. Nonetheless, security standards empowering validation and secrecy of 5G correspondences for the IoT administrations remains as the key element. Right now, proposing an effective supporting system has been proposed which will assist in the 5G- empowered IoT administration.
Keywords: IoT, 5G, wireless, energy efficiency, generic algorithm
1.1 Introduction
"Internet of Things (IoT)" is termed as the network in which all our everyday objects are interconnected to each other, which mostly contains omnipresent information. IoT has proved his importance till now and seems a lot more promising in the coming future. It will enhance the omnipresence of the Internet by connecting the everyday objects for interaction via embedded or interconnected systems, which will eventually be leading to a highly diversified network of everyday devices interconnected to each other and communicating with human beings as well as other devices. Due to the fast and immense growth in the technologies, IoT is opening a great a lot of immense opportunities for a vast number of novel applications with promises to better the quality of our lives. Lately, IoT has increased much consideration from specialists and experts from around the world. The term "Internet-of-Things" is used as an umbrella keyword for covering the various aspects which are related to the vast expansion of the Internet and the Web into the physical space, by methods for the broad arrangement of spatially appropriated gadgets with implanted distinguishing proof, reasonableness and additionally activation capacities. "Internet-of-Things" envisions a future where advanced and physical elements can be related, through fitting data and correspondence innovations, to empower an entire present day division of uses and administrations. Internet of Things has demonstrated a promising chance to manufacture ground-breaking frameworks and applications by utilizing the developing omnipresence of radio-recurrence recognizable proof (RFID), and sensor gadgets, and remote, portable. Nowadays, the dominant form of communication on the Internet is human to human. In any case, it is predictable that in a close soon that any article will have an extraordinary method for ID and can be tended to with the goal that each item can be associated. The intercommunication forms will expand from human-human to human-human, human-thing and thing-thing (also known as M2M).
5th Generation Technology has changed by what method the customer utilizes the phones with high data transfer capacity. Innovation represents the 5th Generation Mobile Technology. The present "5G" advances are using CDMA, BDMA and millimeter remote that empowers seed is which is more than 100 Mbps and at full mobility. It can get significantly higher than 1 Gbps at low mobility. It is a packet-switched wireless system with high connectivity and comprehensive area coverage. There are all types of advanced features of the "5G" technology which makes it huge in demand and most powerful shortly. It provides the user of mobile phones more efficiency and also provides a whole bunch of features. It is entering into the future where you see in that there is a bunch of power which is hooked into the small devices and keeping in mind that "5G" technology is integrated into little devices like the smartphones of a user. There has been a massive change in the wireless communications field over the most recent couple of decades because of science and innovation. We, humans, cannot expect a single moment with the cellular network on our cellphone. It has become so addictive to humans that even before "5G", there were many high bandwidth plans available for us, not in the cell phones but for the personal home Wi-Fi, etc. We have distinctive portable and remote correspondence advancements, which are mass conveyed, "for example, WiMAX (IEEE 802.16 remote and versatile systems), Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11 remote systems), LTE (Long Term Evolution), 3G versatile systems (UMTS, cdma2000) and 4G just as going with the systems, individual territory systems (Bluetooth, ZigBee) or sensor systems. These advancements (basically cell ages) contrast from one another dependent on four fundamental angles: radio access, information rates, data transmission and exchange plans. These distinctions have been seen in past ages (1G, 2G, 2."5G" and 3G and others). In understanding, we have been investigated the "5G" network the most developed cellular innovation".
1.2 Internet of Things With Wireless Communication
There are various sorts of remote advancements in Wireless Communication significant for IoT; these transformation range various places from scarcely any short distance to a relatively long-distance, from a small to reasonable span correspondence "Wireless Personal and Local Area Network propels. In recent time the technologies which are being used now are Bluetooth, ZigBee, 6LowPAN, and Wi-Fi". For a broad range of distance, correspondence proposition is for a network which covers a significant distance also wireless in nature propels can be disengaged into binomina ally sorts that are these in the generic approved and approved barred advances appear in Figure 1.1. This interconnection is the framework on which the IoT is based. The smart device chooses the way it wants to connect to the web and the IoT network depending upon the possibility of the IoT Programmes that are presently running on it. Various Internet of Things contraptions would be working on the platform which have radio advances to take a shot at the non-reachable amount of distance so that they are towards the expected for smaller accessibility having limited necessities normally fitting for a house and the conditions which are favorable when we are in our homes. The arrangement of the interconnection of the smart gadgets which also include the administrations is quickening, supported with a pervasive remote availability, declining correspondence costs, and the rise of a cloud platform. Most significant versatile system administrators see correspondence systems for giving a back help to the web of interconnection as a vast wellspring of income. There is a colossal requirement for wide-territory M2M remote systems, particularly for short information packets correspondence to help a vast number of IoT gadgets. Thus, all of us could come at a single point about the future the interconnection of different smart devices with Wireless Communication having to form for wide-area M2M communication.
Figure 1.1 Wireless communication IoT technologies [7].
1.2.1 Modules Used for the Communication Protocol
Following is the list of 5G protocols used in wireless communication depending upon the
1.2.1.1 Wi-Fi Modules for the Connectivity in Less Range
The less power consumer modules of Wi-Fi are long increment periods giving single establishment to the present wireless connectivity organize with no additional passage. Extraordinary failure presented over any of the business sectors which help IEEE 802.11 convention. "As a result of this, the popular accessible small force wireless fidelity modules over the business presently working are G2M5477 module from G2 Microsystem, RN171 module from Microchip, QCA4004 module from Qualcomm, GS1011M from Gain Span, RS9110-N-11-02 Module from Red pine and RTX41x arrangement Modules from RTX". The specific correlation of these modules concerning the intensity utilization appear in Table 1.1. Figure 1.2 presents the devouring force for individual less force Wireless Fidelity Module.
The present prominent arrangement devours low force contrasted with different modules on the off chance that we overlook the impact of the information esteems which also include accepting information. Along these lines, the individual could apply this program to contrast the small power wireless fidelity system and different remote correspondence methods for...
