Radiation Damage in Graphite

PrefaceAcknowledgmentsPlates 1 to 7Chapter 1. Introduction The Wigner Effect The Structure and Properties of Unirradiated Graphite Crystal Structure Natural Graphite Pyrolytic Graphite Bulk Synthetic Graphite ReferencesChapter 2. The Displacement of Atoms by Neutrons and Fast Charged Particles The Displacement of Atoms by the Primary Knock-on Atomic Collisions Loss of Energy by Electronic Excitation The Number and Distribution of Displaced Atoms The Displacement of Atoms by High Energy Nuclear Particles Electrons and Heavy Charged Particles Fast Neutrons Irradiation in Nuclear Reactors The Neutron Flux The Damaging Power of the Neutron Flux The Experimental Determination of the Damaging Power Measurement of Irradiation Dose Application of Experimental Results to Reactor Problems ReferencesChapter 3. Defect Structures in Irradiated Graphite Point Defects Energies of Formation and Motion of Point Defects (Theory) Experimental Results on the Properties of Vacant Lattice Sites Experimental Results on the Properties of Interstitial Atoms The Formation of Interstitial Complexes The Use of Diffraction to Study Radiation Defects Low Angle Scattering of X-Rays Slow Neutron Diffraction Dislocations in Graphite Observation of Dislocations in Thin Crystals Extended Dislocations in the Basal Plane Dislocation Loops Electron Microscope Observations of Radiation Defects Experimental Results Interpretation of Electron Microscope Observations The Theory of Radiation Damage Summary of Information on Radiation Defects Dependence of Radiation Damage on Time, Flux and Temperature ReferencesChapter 4. The Effect of Irradiation on the Electrical and Magnetic Properties of Graphite The Electronic Properties of Graphite Band Structure Electrical Properties Magnetic Properties The Effect of Irradiation at Medium and High Temperatures Electrical Resistivity Hall Constant and Magnetoresistivity The Thermo-electric Power Magnetic Properties Number of Electron Traps Introduced by Irradiation The Effect of Irradiation at Low Temperature Changes in Electrical Properties ReferencesChapter 5. The Effect of Irradiation on the Thermal and Structural Properties of Graphite The Specific Heat of Graphite The Thermal Conductivity of Graphite The Effect of Irradiation at Medium and High Temperatures The Effect of Irradiation at Low Temperature Stored Energy in Irradiated Graphite Heat of Combustion Measurements Stored Energy in Graphite Irradiated at Low Temperatures The Effect of Irradiation on the Crystal Structure of Graphite Changes in Lattice Parameters Line Broadening The Relation between the Changes in Properties and the Defect Structure Dimensional Effects Stored Energy ReferencesChapter 6. Dimensional Effects in Irradiated Graphite Thermal Expansion The Thermal Expansion of Graphite Crystals The Thermal Expansion of Nuclear Graphite The Effect of Irradiation Dimensional Changes in Nuclear Graphite Dimensional Changes Below 200°C Dimensional Changes in the Range 150 to 350°C Dimensional Changes at High Temperatures Summary of Results on Dimensional Changes ReferencesChapter 7.