Geochemical and Tectonic Evolution of Arc-Backarc Hydrothermal Systems

Preface. 1. Miocene-pliocene hydrothermal ore deposits in and around theJapanese islands. 1.1. General overview of metallogeny and tectonics in the Japanese Islands. 1.2. General overview and classification of hydrothermal ore deposits of Neogeneage. 1.3. Kuroko deposits. 1.3.1. Geological characteristics. 1.3.2. Mineralogical characteristics. 1.3.3. Geochemical. 1.3.4. Depositional mechanism and origin of ore fluids. 1.4. Epithermal vein-type deposits. 1.4.1. Geological characteristics. 1.4.2. Mineralogical characteristics. 1.4.3. Geochemical characteristics. 1.4.4. Se- and Te-type Au-Ag deposits. 1.4.5. Depositional mechanism and origin of ore fluids. 1.4.6. Hishikari deposit: an example of Japanese epithermal Au-Ag vein-typedeposits. 1.5. Evolution of tectonics and hydrothermal system associated with epithermaland Kuroko mineralizations. 1.5.1. Paleogeography and stress field. 1.5.2. Volcanic activity. 1.5.3. Tectonic influence on temporal and spatial relationships in Kuroko andvein-type deposits in southern Hokkaido, Japan. 1.5.4. Geochemical features of sedimentary rocks formed in the Japan Sea asa proxy for hydrothermal activity. 1.5.5. Mode of subduction and formation of back-arc basin. 1.6. Other hydrothermal ore deposits. 1.6.1. Polymetallic vein-type deposits. 1.6.2. Hg and Sb deposits. 1.6.3. Gold-quartz vein-type deposits (mesothermal-hypothermal vein-typedeposits). 1.6.4. Hot spring-type gold deposits. 2. Present-day mineralization and geothermal systems in and around theJapanese islands. 2.1. Subaerial geothermal system and mineralization. 2.1.1. Chemical compositions of geothermal waters controlled by hydrothermalalteration mineral assemblage. 2.1.2. Na-K-Ca geothermometer. 2.1.3. Present-day mineralization in subaerial geothermal areas in Japan. 2.2. Comparison of active geothermal systems with epithermal vein-type deposits. 2.2.1. Distribution. 2.2.2. Metals. 2.2.3. Mineralogy. 2.2.4. Geochemical features of hydrothermal fluids. 2.2.5. Geological and tectonic environment and volcanism. 2.3. Submarine geothermal systems and associated mineralization. 2.3.1. Submarine metal precipitation at back-arc basins around the Japaneseislands. 2.3.2. Characteristics of back-arc deposits in the Western Pacific. 2.3.4. Comparison of present-day back-arc deposits with Kuroko deposits. 2.3.5. Spatial relationship between back-arc deposits and epithermal golddeposits. 2.4. Comparison of back-arc deposits with midoceanic ridge deposits. 2.4.1. Hydrothermal solution. 2.4.2. Metal ratios and mineralogy. 2.4.3. Mechanism of formation of chimney and ore deposits. 2.4.4. Hydrothermal alteration. 2.5. Besshi-type deposits in comparison with Kuroko deposits and midoceanicridge deposits. 2.5.1. General features and classification. 2.5.2. Geological characteristics. 2.5.3. Metamorphism and hydrothermal alteration. 2.5.4. Mineralogical characteristics. 2.5.5. Geochemical features. 3. Hydrothermal flux from back arc basin and island arc and globalgeochemical cycle. 3.1. Major element (alkali, alkali earth, silica) flux. 3.2. Volatile element (CO2, S, As) flux. 3.2.1. CO2 flux. 3.2.2. Causes for high CO2 concentration and origin of CO2 of hydrothermalsolution from back-arc basins. 3.2.3. S flux. 3.2.4. As flux. 3.3. Other elemental flux. 3.3.1. Hg flux. 3.3.2. Mn flux. 3.3.3. Ba flux. 3.4. Comparison of back-arc hydrothermal flux with midoceanic ridge hydrothermalflux. 4. Influence of hydrothermal CO2 flux on tertiary climate change. 4.1. Tertiary climate change in relation to CO2 flux by volcanic, hydrothermal andmetamorphic activities. 4.2. Computation on global long-term carbon cycle and climate change. 5. Summary. Subject Index.