
Passive and Voice
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- PASSIVE AND VOICE
- Editorial page
- Title page
- Copyright page
- Table of contents
- LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
- Preface
- Introduction
- REFERENCES
- Passive and voice
- ABSTRACT
- 1. INTRODUCTION: THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM
- 2. THE SYNTAX OF THE AGENT PHRASE
- 2.1. Subject properties and the agent phrase
- 2.2. Integration of the agent phrase into clause syntax
- 3. MARKEDNESS
- 4. CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Affectedness and control: a typology of voice systems
- 1.1. Voice and voice systems: basicness and some basic concepts
- 1.2. Scope of the study
- 2. VOICE FUNCTIONS IN CLASSICAL INDO-EUROPEAN
- 2.1. Classical Greek
- 2.2. Classical Sanskrit
- 3. TAMIL, A NON-INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGE
- 4.1. Basic versus derived voice
- 4.2. Global voice systems
- 4.2.1. Navajo
- 4.2.2. Global case marking versus global voice: More Apachean evidence
- 4.2.3. Korean
- 5. THE ENCODING OF THE CONTROL PARAMETER AND ITS CONTENT: SPECULATIONS
- 6. THE TYPOLOGY OF VOICE: CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- NOTES
- BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Voice in Philippine languages
- 1. Introduction
- 2. Preliminaries
- 3. Non-actor topic constructions as passives
- 4. Goal-topic construction as ergative
- 5. The status of subject
- 6. Subject-topic continuum
- 7. Conclusion
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Voice in Austronesian languages of Philippine type: passive, ergative, or neither?
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE PROBLEM OF SUBJECT
- 2.1. Subject in Tagalog
- 3. PASSIVE IN CROSS-LINGUISTIC AND HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- 3.1. On defining 'passive'
- 3.2. On the historical development of passives
- 4. VOICE IN AUSTRONESIAN LANGUAGES
- 4.1. The origins of the focus system
- 4.2. Nominal and ergative
- 5. VOICE AND PASSIVE IN PALAUAN
- 5.1. The Philippine focus system and Palauan
- 5.1.1. Actor focus/goal focus
- 5.1.2. Transitivity in Palauan
- 5.1.3. Other remnants of the focus system in Palauan
- 5.1.3.1. Causatives
- 5.1.3.2. *-aken
- 5.1.3.3. Locative focus forms
- 5.1.3.4. Benefactive and causative (instrumental) focus remnants
- 5.2. Innovative syntactic patterns in Palauan
- 5.1.3. Subjectand topic in Palauan
- 6. 'ERGATIVE' AND 'PASSIVE' IN CHAMORRO
- 7. A CONTRASTIVE TEXT ANALYSIS OF VOICE IN TAGALOG AND PALAUAN
- 8. CONCLUSION
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Voice in Indonesian: a discourse study
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 1.1. Word order
- 1.2. Morphology and syntax
- 2.1. Types of di- constructions
- 2.2. di- vs 0 verbs
- 2.3. men- vs 0 verbs
- 2.4. men- vs di- verbs
- 3. RECAPITULATION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- ABBREVIATIONS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- DATA REFERENCE
- The passive in Slavic
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 1.1. The passive
- 1.2. The constructions to be considered
- 2. THE PERIPHRASTIC PERSONAL PASSIVE
- 2.1. Action versus state
- 2.2. Underlying passive subjects or adjuncts
- 2.3. The passive subject
- 3. THE REFLEXIVE PASSIVE
- 3.1. Transitive verbs
- 3.2. Intransitive verbs
- 3.3. Anticausatives
- 4. THE NO/TO IMPERSONAL PARTICIPLE
- 5. IMPERSONAL CONSTRUCTIONS WITH THE 3RD PERSON SINGULAR NEUTER VERB
- 6. SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Passiveness in Hungarian: with reference to Russian passive
- 1.1. Introductory remarks on the approach
- 1.2. Typological characterization: the objective constructions
- 2. PASSIVE AND PASSIVENESS: RUSSIAN AND HUNGARIAN
- 2.1. Aspect and aspectuality
- 2.2. Transitivity and passiveness
- 2.3. The system of participles
- 2.4. Passiveness in texts
- 3. THE HUNGARIAN VERBAL PREDICATE AND WORD-FORMATION.
- 3.1. Word-formation and function in the sentence
- 3.2. Historical remarks on verb-formation
- 4. CONCLUSION
- REFERENCES
- The structure and typology of the Chinese passive construction
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. THE SYNTAX OF THE PASSIVE MARKER BEI(SUSTAIN/BY)
- 2.1. Bei (sustain/by) as a preposition
- 2.1.1. Prepositions not repeated
- 2.1.2. Complex predicates
- 2.1.3. Objectless prepositions
- 2.2. Derivation from the active counterpart
- 2.2.1. Post-verbal objects
- 2.2.2. Intransitive passive
- 2.2.3. Coloring of the adverse situation
- 2.2.4. Modal auxiliaries
- 2.3. Chinese passive as an embedding structure
- 3. HISTORICAL BACKGROUNDS
- 4. TYPOLOGICAL DIVERSITIES
- 4.1. Prepositional passive markers
- 4.2. The regional transition of passive constructions
- 4.2.1. Passive markers in non-Chinese languagesy south and north
- 4.2.2. Modern Chinese passive markers, south and north
- 5. CONCLUDING REMARKS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Passives in Kinyarwanda
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. WORD ORDER AND VERB MORPHOLOGY
- 3. SUBJECTIVIZATION RULES
- 4. PASSIVIZATION
- 4.1. Passivization of one object
- 4.2. Multiple 'prepositionless' objects
- 4.2.1. Two direct objects
- 4.2.2. Three direct objects
- 4.3. Passivization of 'objectivized' oblique NPs
- 4.3.1. Instrumentals
- 4.3.2. Locatives
- 4.3.3. Manners
- 4.3.4. Goals
- 4.4. Passivization of multiple objectivized oblique NPs
- 4.4.1. Locatives and instrumentais
- 4.4.2. Instrumentals and goals
- 4.4.3. Benefactives and locatives
- 4.4.4. Manners and locatives
- 4.5. Passivization of objectivized NPs by ascensions
- 4.5.1. Subject-to-subject raising
- 4.5.2. Subject-to-object raising
- 4.5.3. Objectivization by causative constructions
- 4.5.4. Possessor ascension
- 5. LEXICALIZED PASSIVES
- 6. SPECIAL PASSIVES
- 7. GENERAL OBSERVATIONS
- REFERENCES
- Affected-subject ('grade T) verbs in Hausa: what are they and where do they come from?
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. MORPHOLOGICAL PRELIMINARIES
- 3. SYNTACTIC AND SEMANTIC PROPERTIES
- 3.1. Patient-oriented grade 7 expressions
- 3.1.1. Imperfective P-oriented grade 7 expressions [+potentiality]
- 3.1.2. Two other P-oriented constructions
- 3.2. Affected agent-oriented grade 7 expressions
- 3.3. Passive-intransitive (grade 7) vs. lexical-intransitive (grade 4) forms
- 3.4. Experiencer-oriented grade 7 expressions
- 4. THE GRADE 7 VERB IN GENETIC-HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
- 5. SUMMARY
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- DATA SOURCES
- Tale of two passives in Ute
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. PHONOLOGICAL PRELIMINARIES
- 3. THE IMPERSONAL-PASSIVE AND THE -ta/-ra CONNECTION
- 3.1. The Ute impersonal passive
- 3.2. The use of -ta in action nominals
- 3.3. The root -ra and the verb 'be'
- 3.4. From 'be' through action nominal to passive
- 4. THE ANTERIOR-PERFECT -ka AND THE RECONSTRUCTION OF AN EARLIER PASSIVE
- 4.1. The anterior-perfect
- 4.2. The defective verb 'have' -ga
- 4.3. The use of -ga as tense-aspect marker
- 4.4. The use of -ga as participial-adverb marker
- 4.5. The reconstruction of an earlier -ka-marked passive
- 4.5.1. Frozen object nominalizations with -ka
- 4.5.2. Residual use of the -ka passive in texts
- 4.5.3. Reconstructing a relationship of anterior, passive and have
- 5. TALE OF TWO PASSIVES
- ABBREVIATIONS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Formal and functional aspects of the development from passive to ergative systems
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. BASIC CHARACTERISTICS OF ERGATIVE AND PASSIVE CONSTRUCTIONS
- 2.1. Case-marking in ergative languages
- 2.2. The morphosyntax of passive and ergative constructions
- 2.3. Diachronic relation
- 3. PROTOTYPICAL VERBAL AND NONVERBAL FORMS
- 3.1. Formal properties
- 3.1.1. Argument structure
- 3.1.2. Grammatical category
- 3.2. Functional properties
- 3.2.1. Subject
- 3.2.2. Grounding
- 3.2.3. Stativity
- 3.3. Verbal/deverbal status of passives altid ergatives
- 3.4. Examples of verbalization processes
- 4. SIMILARITIES IN THE DISTRIBUTIONS OF PASSIVES AND ERGATIVES
- 4.1. The A
- 4.2. The O
- 4.3. Stativity and punctuality
- 4.4. Ergatives as verbalized passives
- 5. THE DEVELOPMENT FROM PASSIVE TO ERGATIVE TO ACCUSATIVE
- 5.1. Syntactic change precedes morphological change
- 5.2. The stages of the development
- 6. EXAMPLES OF THE PASSIVE-ERGATIVE-ACCUSATIVE DEVELOPMENT
- 6.1. The Salishan languages
- 6.2. The Austronesian languages
- 6.2.1. Hawaiian
- 6.2.2. Maori, Malay and Tagalog
- 6.2.3. Surface-ergative Austronesian languages
- 6.3. The Indo-Iranian languages
- 6.4. Dyirbal
- 7. CONCLUSION
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Passive in Burushaski
- 1. Introduction
- 2. The ergative construction in Burushaski
- 3. Some aspects of causation and affettivation
- 4. Unprefixed passives
- 5. Prefixed passives
- 6. Distribution of the two passives
- 7. Mention of the agent in passive sentences
- 8. The pathetive construction
- 9. Discussion
- 10. Conclusion
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Mam voice
- 1. ERGATIVITY
- 1.1. Split ergativity
- 1.2. Syntactic ergativity
- 2. VOICE
- 2.1. The antipassive
- 2.2. Passives
- 2.3. Syntactic and lexical functions of voice
- 3. DISCOURSE
- 4. TEXT FRAGMENT
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Ergative, passive, and antipassive in Nez Perce:a discourse perspective
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 1. THE ERGATIVE CONSTRUCTION
- 1.1. NP case marking
- 1.2. Verbal agreement.
- 1.2.1. Person markers
- 1.2.2. Number markers
- 1.3. The ergative construction and transitivity
- 2. THE ANTIPASSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- 3. THE PASSIVE CONSTRUCTION
- 4. METHODOLOGY
- 4.1. Referential distance
- 4.2. Topic persistence
- 5. RESULTS
- 6. DISCUSSION
- 6.1. The ergative construction
- 6.2. The antipassive construction
- 6.3. The passive construction
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- The antipassive in Chamorro: variations on the theme of transitivity
- 0. PRELIMINARIES
- 1. THE QUANTITATIVE METHOD
- 2. MORPHOLOGY
- 2.1. Case markers
- 2.2. Pronouns
- 2.3. Voice in Chamorro
- 2.3.1. Active voice
- 2.3.2. Passives
- 2.3.3. Antipassive
- 3. THE INDEFINITE ANTIPASSIVE
- 4. THE DEMOTING ANTIPASSIVE
- 4.1. Affectedness of the Object
- 4.3. Identity of the Agent
- 4.4. A pragmatic functional correlate for the Demoting Antipassive
- 5. ASPECT
- 6. GENERAL FUNCTION OF THE ANTIP
- 7. CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- ABBREVIATIONS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- Antipassives in Warrungu and other Australian languages
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. WARRUNGU ANTIPASSIVES
- 2.1. Preliminaries
- 2.2. Verbal morphology and case frames
- 2.3. Transitivity
- 2.4. Semantics
- 2.4.1. Types of antipassive verb
- 2.4.2. Case-marking of OBL
- 2.4.3. Aspectual/modal meanings
- 2.4.4. Semantic specializations of perception antipassive verbs
- 2.5. Coreference
- 2.5.1. Preliminaries
- 2.5.2. Coreference in purposive subordination without antipassives
- 2.5.3. Coreference in purposive subordination with antipassives
- 2.5.4. Coreference in -ngumay 'after' subordination
- 2.5.5. Coreference in coordination and sentence-sequence
- 2.5.6. Summary of coreference
- 3. DISCUSSION
- 3.1. Marked status of Warrungu antipassives
- 3.2. Pragmatics of Warrungu antipassives
- 3.3. Typology and characterization of antipassives
- 3.3.1. Preliminaries
- 3.3.2. Antipassive prototype
- 3.3.3. Generalization of functions and semantics of antipassives
- 3.4. Antipassives and passives
- 3.5. Antipassive, passive and other voice-related constructions
- 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- ABBREVIATIONS
- POSTSCRIPT
- APPENDIX
- REFERENCES
- Antipassive in Chukchee: oblique object, object incorporation, zero object
- 1. INTRODUCTION
- 2. GRAMMAR NOTE
- 2.1. Morphophonemics
- 2.2. Nominal morphology
- 2.3. Topics in verbal morphology
- 2.3.1. Agreement
- 2.3.2. Tense-aspect forms
- 2.3.2.1.
- 2.3.2.2. Non-finite forms
- 2.3.3. AP formation
- 2.3.3.1. Affixed AP's
- 2.3.3.2. Labile verbs
- 2.3.3.3. Suppletive A P's
- 2.3.3.4. Incorporative AP's
- 2.3.3.5. Cooccurrence of markers
- 2.4. Sentence types
- 3. ANTI IN CHUKCHEE: A FORMALLY ORIENTEDCLASSIFICATION
- 3.1. Object noun in ANTI
- 3.1.1. Initial DO in Chukchee
- 3.1.2. Case marking
- 3.1.3. Word order
- 3.2. Classification
- 4. ANTI: NON-SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES
- 4.1. Absolute ANTI
- 4.2. ØEx = Øref:transitive ANTI
- 4.3. From absolute ANTI to the other types: non-syntactic properties
- 4.3.1.
- 4.3.2. Direct object: SPM
- 4.3.3. Q.E.D.: some examples
- 4.3.4. SPM and conflating interpretations
- 4.3.5. SPM present: semantic implications
- 4.3.6. SPM absent: some implications
- 4.3.7. ANTI: peripheral semantics
- 5. ANTI: SYNTACTIC PROPERTIES. CLAUSE LINKING
- 5.1. Preliminaries
- 5.2. ANTI vs. TRANS: when the choice is syntactically valid
- 5.2.1.
- 5.2.2.
- 5.2.3. Controller Choice Rule
- 5.3. Potentially ambiguous sequences
- 5.3.1. TRANS/ANTI + TRANS/ANTI
- 5.3.2. TRANS/ANTI + TRANS/ANTI
- 5.4. Double coreference
- 5.4.1. Identity coreference (i.e. A P + A P)
- 5.4.2. Upside down, or leapfrog coreference
- 5.5. Potentially unambiguous sequences
- 5.6. Abandoning the laconic way? Sb - Sb coreference
- 5.6.1. Alas, yes: potential ambiguity
- 5.6.2. Why? Potentially unambiguous sequences
- 5.7. Conclusion
- 5.7.1. On Subject relation in Chukchee
- 5.7.2.
- 6. CONCLUSIONS
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
- ABBREVIATIONS
- NOTES
- REFERENCES
- SOURCES
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