Volcanic Activity and Human Ecology

List of ContributorsForeword1 Introduction The Study of Natural Disasters Volcanic Phenomena The Study of Modern Volcanic Hazards and Disasters An Overview of the Contributions References2 Volcanoes and Their Activity Introduction What is a Volcano? Products of Volcanoes Cones, Craters, and Caldera Types of Volcanic Eruptions Distribution and Geologic Relationships of Volcanoes References3 Geologic Methods in Studies of Quaternary Tephra Introduction Production and Dispersal of Tephra Properties of Tephra Discrimination among Tephras Summary References4 Soils Derived from Tephra Introduction Geographical Distribution Morphology Chemical and Physical Properties Soil Genesis and Weathering Soil Classification Soil Fertility Land Use References5 On the Damage Caused by Volcanic Eruptions with Special Reference to Tephra and Gases The Ranges of Volcanic Damage Tephra Fall Volcanic Gases The Lakagigar Eruption of 1783 References6 Volcanoes as Hazard: an Overview Introduction Three Volcanic Hazard Situations in the United States Risk Assessment of Volcanic Hazard Volcanic Hazard Identification Risk Estimation Social Evaluation Summary and Conclusion: Toward a More Balanced Approach to Volcanic Hazard References7 Volcanic-Hazards Studies in the Cascade Range of the Western United States Introduction Method of Volcanic-Hazards Assessments Recent Eruptive Histories of Five Cascade Volcanoes Exan1ples of Volcanic-Hazards Assessments Discussion References8 Contemporary Responses to Volcanism: Case Studies from the Cascades and Hawaii Mount Baker Experience Hawaiian Experience Summary Comment References9 Effects of the Eruption of Parícutin Volcano on Landforms, Vegetation, and Human Occupancy Introduction Summary History of the Parícutin Eruption Review of Literature Dealing with Parícutin Pre-Eruption Settlement and Economy Impact of Airborne and Water-Transported Ash on the Rural Economy from 1943 to 1945 Changes in Human Settlement Caused by Ashfall and Lava Invasion Changes in Drainage and Groundwater Caused by the Lava Field Ash Deposition and Removal up to 1965 Pre-Eruption Vegetation Vegetation Destruction and Recovery Recovery of Grazing following Return of Vegetation Recovery of Agriculture Posteruption Forestry Activities Summary and Conclusion References10 Impact of Parícutin on Five Communities Community Life before the Volcano The Time of the Eruptions Community Life after the Eruptions The Parícutin Eruption as a Hazard Event Discussion and Conclusions References11 The Significance of Volcanism in the Prehistory of Subarctic Northwest North America Introduction History of Research General Characteristics and Consequences of Alaskan Volcanism Volcanism in the Boreal Interior: the White River Ash Volcanism in a Mixed Terrestrial and Marine Economic Setting: the Western Alaska Peninsula Volcanism in a Maritime Zone: the Eastern Aleutians Summary Suggestions for Further Work in the Subarctic References12 People and Pumice on the Alaska Peninsula The Ashes and Their Recognition The Human Impact of the Eruptions Summary Conclusions References13 Pollen Influx and the Deposition of Mazama and Glacier Peak Tephra Introduction Pollen Influx Methods Glacier Peak Ashfalls Mazama Ashfalls Discussion and Conclusion References14 Mount Mazama, Climatic Change, and Fort Rock Basin Archaeofaunas The Fort Rock Basin The Connley Caves Archaeofaunas Paleoenvironmental Overview Conclusions References15 Sunset Crater and the Sinagua: a New Interpretation Introduction The Pre-Eruptive Cultural Pattern The Eruptions of Sunset Crater Influx of Migrant