Introduction to Community and Public Health
Description
Learn the basics of the five core areas of community and public health Introduction to Community and Public Health, 2nd Edition covers the basics in each area of community and public health as identified by the Association of Schools of Public Health. With a student-friendly approach, the authors discuss epidemiology, biostatistics, social and behavioral sciences, environmental health, and healthy policy and management. The book is written to serve both graduate and undergraduate public health students, as well as to help prepare for the Certified in Public Health (CPH) exam, Certified Health Education Specialist (CHES) exam and Master certified in Health Education Specialist (MCHES) exam, the book covers each of these five core disciplines, plus other important topics.
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MANOJ SHARMA, MBBS, MCHES, PHD, is a professor at the Jackson State University's MPH and Dr. PH programs in Behavioral Health Promotion & Education.
PAUL W. BRANSCUM, PHD, RD, is an associate professor in the Department of Kinesiology & Health at Miami University, in Oxford.
Content
Figures and Tables xi
Preface xvii
About the Companion Website xxi
The Authors xxiii
Chapter 1 Introduction to Community and Public Health 1
Defining Community and Public Health 1
Basic Terms in Community and Public Health 4
Issues in Community and Public Health 7
Factors Affecting Community and Public Health 9
Community and Public Health Organizations 13
Historical Timeline for Community and Public Health 16
Current Challenges in Community and Public Health 25
Summary 29
Key Terms 30
Review Questions 30
Skill-Building Activity # 1 31
Skill-Building Activity # 2 31
Websites to Explore 31
References 33
Chapter 2 Descriptive Epidemiology in Community and Public Health 37
Definition, Scope, and Evolution of Epidemiology 37
Descriptive Epidemiology and Analytical Epidemiology 39
Contributions of Epidemiology 39
Uses and Functions of Epidemiology 41
Agent, Host, and Environment 42
Rates, Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages 44
Summary 60
Key Terms 60
Review Questions 61
Skill-Building Activity #1 61
Skill-Building Activity #2 61
Websites to Explore 62
References 63
Chapter 3 Analytical Epidemiology in Community Public Health 67
Types of Analytical Epidemiological Studies 67
Association and Causation 76
Infectious Disease Epidemiology 79
Chronic Disease Epidemiology 82
Selected Lifestyle Risk Factors 84
Summary 88
Key Terms 89
Review Questions 90
Skill-Building Activity #1 90
Skill-Building Activity #2 90
Websites to Explore 90
References 91
Chapter 4 Descriptive Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 97
Basic Terms in Biostatistics 97
Frequency Distribution 100
Measures of Central Tendency 101
Measures of Dispersion 103
Graphing Methods in Biostatistics 103
Positively Skewed and Negatively Skewed Distributions 104
Summary 108
Key Terms 108
Review Questions 109
Skill-Building Activity #1 109
Skill-Building Activity #2 109
Websites to Explore 109
References 111
Chapter 5 Inferential Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 113
Estimation 113
Hypothesis Testing 114
Testing Differences between Two Group Means 117
Nonparametric Tests for Testing Differences between Two Groups 119
Testing Differences between Three or More Groups 120
Nonparametric Counterparts of ANOVA 124
Testing Differences in Proportions 124
Testing Associations between Two or More Variables 126
Summary 129
Key Terms 130
Review Questions 130
Skill-Building Activity #1 131
Skill-Building Activity #2 131
Websites to Explore 131
References 132
Chapter 6 Social and Behavioral Sciences in Community and Public Health 135
Reasons for Studying Social and Behavioral Sciences 135
Examples from Cardiovascular Disease, Obesity, and HIV/AIDS 141
Community Organization and Community Building 145
School Health Programs 150
Community Mental Health 151
Alcohol, Tobacco, and Other Drugs 153
Summary 155
Key Terms 156
Review Questions 156
Skill-Building Activity #1 157
Skill-Building Activity #2 157
Websites to Explore 157
References 158
Chapter 7 Models in Health Education and Health Promotion 163
Planning Health Education and Health Promotion Interventions 163
PRECEDE-PROCEED 164
PATCH 171
MATCH 173
Intervention Mapping 177
APEXPH 179
PEN-3 180
Behavior Change Wheel (BCW) 183
Summary 187
Key Terms 188
Review Questions 188
Skill-Building Activity #1 189
Skill-Building Activity #2 189
Websites to Explore 189
References 190
Chapter 8 Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion 193
Using Theories and Models 193
Health Belief Model 194
Transtheoretical Model 197
Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, Integrative Model, and Reasoned Action Approach 201
Social Cognitive Theory 206
Multi-Theory Model (MTM) for Health Behavior Change 208
COM-B Model 210
Social Marketing 210
Diffusion of Innovations Theory 212
Summary 216
Key Terms 217
Review Questions 218
Skill-Building Activity #1 218
Skill-Building Activity #2 218
Websites to Explore 218
References 219
Chapter 9 Methods in Health Education and Health Promotion 225
Methods of Teaching and Learning 225
Cognitive Methods in Health Education 228
Affective Methods in Health Education 230
Environmental Methods in Health Promotion 236
Summary 240
Key Terms 240
Review Questions 241
Skill-Building Activity #1 241
Skill-Building Activity #2 241
Websites to Explore 242
References 242
Chapter 10 Population Dynamics and Control 245
Demographic Cycle 245
World Population Trends 246
World Population Stabilization or Decline Post Peak 250
Designing Population-Based Public Health Programs for Different Subsections in the Community 258
Summary 261
Key Terms 262
Review Questions 263
Skill-Building Activity #1 263
Skill-Building Activity #2 263
Websites to Explore 264
References 265
Chapter 11 Air, Water, and Noise Pollution 269
Air Pollution 269
Water Pollution 275
Noise Pollution279
Solid Waste Management 282
Climate Change and Global Warming 284
Summary 288
Key Terms 289
Review Questions 289
Skill-Building Activity #1 290
Skill-Building Activity #2 290
Websites to Explore 290
References 291
Chapter 12 Injury Control and Other Environmental Issues 293
Unintentional Injuries 293
Intentional Injuries 297
Pests and Pesticides 300
Radiation 304
Disaster Management 306
Occupational Safety and Health 308
Summary 314
Key Terms 315
Review Questions 315
Skill-Building Activity #1 316
Skill-Building Activity #2 316
Websites to Explore 316
References 317
Chapter 13 Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Services and Public Health Systems in the United States 321
Understanding the Structure and Functioning of the US Health Care System 321
Organization of US Health Care 322
The Uninsured Population 325
Lack of Insurance and Access to Health Care Services 327
Financing Health Systems 328
US Health Care in the International Context 329
Utilization Trends 331
Private Health Insurance and Managed Care 332
Cost Containment Initiatives 333
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 335
Organization of Public Health in the United States 338
Summary 342
Key Terms 343
Review Questions 344
Skill-Building Activity #1 344
Skill-Building Activity #2 345
Websites to Explore 345
References 346
Chapter 14 Program Planning, Budgeting, Management, and Evaluation in Community Initiatives 349
Planning Public Health Programs 349
Preparing Budgets for Public Health Programs 354
Administration and Management of Public Health Programs 359
Evaluation of Public Health Programs 363
Summary 368
Key Terms 369
Review Questions 369
Skill-Building Activity #1 370
Skill-Building Activity #2 370
Websites to Explore 370
References 371
Chapter 15 Systems Thinking and Leadership in Community and Public Health 375
Systems Thinking: The Approach 375
Basics of Leadership 379
Leadership Styles 381
Leadership in Health Care 382
NCHL Health Leadership Competency Model 383
Cultural Competence 385
Summary 391
Key Terms 393
Review Questions 393
Skill-Building Activity #1 393
Skill-Building Activity #2 394
Websites to Explore 394
References 395
Glossary 399
Index 429
