Introduction to Community and Public Health
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Content
Figures and Tables xiii
Preface xxi
Acknowledgments xxiii
The Authors xxv
Chapter 1 Introduction to Community and Public Health 1
Learning Objectives 1
Defining Community and Public Health 1
Basic Terms in Community and Public Health 5
Issues in Community and Public Health 10
Factors Affecting Community and Public Health 12
Community and Public Health Organizations 19
Historical Timeline for Community and Public Health 24
Current Challenges in Community and Public Health 37
Summary 40
Key Terms 41
Review Questions 42
Skill-Building Activity 42
Websites to Explore 43
References 45
Chapter 2 Descriptive Epidemiology in Community and Public Health 49
Learning Objectives 49
Definition, Scope, and Evolution of Epidemiology 49
Descriptive Epidemiology and Analytical Epidemiology 51
Contributions of Epidemiology 52
Uses and Functions of Epidemiology 54
Agent, Host, and Environment 56
Rates, Ratios, Proportions, and Percentages 57
Summary 79
Key Terms 80
Review Questions 81
Skill-Building Activity 81
Websites to Explore 82
References 83
Chapter 3 Analytical Epidemiology in Community and Public Health 87
Learning Objectives 87
Types of Analytical Epidemiological Studies 87
Association and Causation 100
Infectious Disease Epidemiology 103
Chronic Disease Epidemiology 107
Selected Lifestyle Risk Factors 110
Summary 114
Key Terms 115
Review Questions 115
Skill-Building Activity 116
Websites to Explore 116
References 117
Chapter 4 Descriptive Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 123
Learning Objectives 123
Basic Terms in Biostatistics 123
Frequency Distribution 127
Measures of Central Tendency 129
Measures of Dispersion 130
Graphing Methods in Biostatistics 132
Positively Skewed and Negatively Skewed Distributions 132
Summary 138
Key Terms 138
Review Questions 139
Skill-Building Activity 139
Websites to Explore 140
References 142
Chapter 5 Inferential Biostatistics in Community and Public Health 143
Learning Objectives 143
Estimation 143
Hypothesis Testing 145
Testing Differences Between Two Group Means 148
Nonparametric Tests for Testing Differences Between Two Groups 151
Testing Differences Between Three or More Patient Protection and AffordableGroups 152
Nonparametric Counterparts of ANOVA 158
Testing Differences in Proportions 158
Testing Associations Between Two or More Variables 160
Summary 164
Key Terms 165
Review Questions 166
Skill-Building Activity 166
Websites to Explore 167
References 168
Chapter 6 Social and Behavioral Sciences in Community and Public Health 171
Learning Objectives 171
Reasons for Studying Social and Behavioral Sciences 171
Examples from Cardiovascular Disease, Obesity, and HIV/AIDS 180
Community Organization and Community Building 186
Summary 192
Key Terms 193
Review Questions 193
Skill-Building Activity 194
Websites to Explore 194
References 195
Chapter 7 Models in Health Education and Health Promotion 199
Learning Objectives 199
Planning Health Education and Health Promotion Interventions 199
PRECEDE-PROCEED 200
PATCH 209
MATCH 212
Intervention Mapping 217
APEXPH 219
PEN-3 220
Summary 226
Key Terms 226
Review Questions 227
Skill-Building Activity 227
Websites to Explore 228
References 229
Chapter 8 Theories in Health Education and Health Promotion 231
Learning Objectives 231
Using Theories and Models 231
Health Belief Model 233
Transtheoretical Model 237
Theory of Reasoned Action, Theory of Planned Behavior, and the Integrative Model 242
Social Cognitive Theory 248
Social Marketing 251
Diffusion of Innovations Theory 254
Summary 259
Key Terms 259
Review Questions 261
Skill-Building Activity 261
Websites to Explore 261
References 262
Chapter 9 Methods in Health Education and Health Promotion 265
Learning Objectives 265
Methods of Teaching and Learning 265
Cognitive Methods in Health Education 268
Affective Methods in Health Education 271
Environmental Methods in Health Promotion 281
Summary 285
Key Terms 286
Review Questions 287
Skill-Building Activity 287
Websites to Explore 287
References 288
Chapter 10 Population Dynamics and Control 291
Learning Objectives 291
Demographic Cycle 291
World Population Trends 292
World Population Stabilizationor Decline Postpeak 299
Summary 310
Key Terms 311
Review Questions 312
Skill-Building Activity 312
Websites to Explore 312
References 314
Chapter 11 Air, Water, and Noise Pollution 315
Learning Objectives 315
Air Pollution 315
Water Pollution 323
Noise Pollution 330
Solid Waste Management 335
Climate Change and Global Warming 337
Summary 342
Key Terms 344
Review Questions 344
Skill-Building Activity 345
Websites to Explore 345
References 346
Chapter 12 Injury Control and Other Environmental Issues 349
Learning Objectives 349
Unintentional Injuries 349
Intentional Injuries 354
Pests and Pesticides 358
Radiation 363
Disaster Management 366
Occupational Safety and Health 369
Summary 377
Key Terms 379
Review Questions 380
Skill-Building Activity 380
Websites to Explore 380
References 381
Chapter 13 Organization, Financing, and Delivery of Health Services and Public Health Systems in the United States 387
Learning Objectives 387
Understanding the Structure and Functioning of the US
Health Care System 387
Organization of US Health Care 389
The Uninsured Population 393
Lack of Insurance and Access to Health Care Services 396
Financing Health Systems 399
US Health Care in the International Context 400
Utilization Trends 402
Private Health Insurance and Managed Care 404
Cost Containment Initiatives 406
Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act 408
Organization of Public Health in the United States 410
Summary 415
Key Terms 418
Review Questions 419
Skill-Building Activity 419
Websites to Explore 420
References 421
Chapter 14 Program Planning, Budgeting, Management, and Evaluation in Community Initiatives 425
Learning Objectives 425
Planning Public Health Programs 425
Preparing Budgets for Public Health Programs 432
Administration and Management of Public Health Programs 440
Evaluation of Public Health Programs 445
Summary 451
Key Terms 452
Review Questions 453
Skill-Building Activity 453
Websites to Explore 454
References 455
Chapter 15 Systems Thinking and Leadership in Community and Public Health 457
Learning Objectives 457
Systems Thinking: The Approach 457
Basics of Leadership 462
Leadership Styles 465
Leadership in Health Care 466
NCHL Health Leadership Competency Model 467
Cultural Competence 469
Summary 479
Key Terms 481
Review Questions 482
Skill-Building Activity 482
Websites to Explore 483
References 484
Glossary 489
Index 527
Figures and Tables
Figures
- 1.1 One of the Many Dimensions of Health
- 1.2 Community Health Is About Promoting Health for Groups of Individuals
- 1.3 A Nigerian Boy Receiving a Smallpox Vaccination in 1967, an Example of an Organized Public Health Effort
- 1.4 Health Education Is About Facilitating Voluntary Health Behavior Change
- 1.5 Factors Affecting the Health of a Community
- 1.6 A Local Health Inspector Inspecting a Kitchen for Food Safety
- 1.7 Vaccination Was a Major Milestone in the History of Community and Public Health
- 2.1 Waterborne Transmission of Cholera Was First Recognized in Europe in the Mid-1800s, by John Snow
- 2.2 Bacteria: Examples of a Biological Agent
- 2.3 Page One of the US Death Certificate
- 2.4 Incidence Rates of Breast Cancer in Women by Race- United States, 1999- 2007
- 2.5 The Relationship Between Flowing Water and Accumulated Water Is Analogous to the Relationship Between Incidence (New Water Flowing) and Prevalence (Total Accumulated Water)
- 2.6 The Secular Trend in Tetanus Cases- United States, 1947- 2009
- 3.1 Schematic Diagram of the Case-Control Study
- 3.2 Confounding
- 3.3 Schematic Diagram of the Cohort Study
- 3.4 An Image from a 1950s Cohort Study Conducted with Miners Exposed to Airborne Particulates in Diatomaceous Earth Mining and Processing Plants
- 3.5 Schematic Diagram of a Randomized Clinical Trial
- 3.6 Relationship of Infectious Diseases, Communicable Diseases, and Contagious Diseases
- 3.7 A Transmission Electron Micrograph of Measles Virus, a Paramyxovirus Transmitted by Direct Projection of Droplets
- 4.1 Graph of a Normal Distribution
- 4.2 Positively Skewed and Negatively Skewed Distributions
- 4.3 Bar Graph of a Hypothetical Distribution of Race in a Group (n = 20)
- 4.4 Pie Chart of a Hypothetical Distribution of Race in a Group (n = 20)
- 4.5 Histogram of a Hypothetical Age Distribution in a Group of College Students
- 4.6 Stem and Leaf Display of Hypothetical Data (n = 12)
- 4.7 Box and Whisker Plot for Hypothetical Data
- 5.1 Box and Whisker Plot of Hypothetical Posttest Knowledge Scores for Three Groups (n = 30)
- 6.1 The Ecological Model
- 6.2 Social Support Has Been Shown to Be a Major Determinant of Mental and Physical Health
- 7.1 Diagram for Prioritizing Epidemiological Factors
- 7.2 Program Planning Is About Involving Community Members as Important Stakeholders, and People Working Together as a Team
- 7.3 Program Planning Is About Diversity, and Involving Community Members of All Different Backgrounds
- 7.4 Diagram for Prioritizing Health Issues
- 8.1 According to the Health Belief Model, Teenagers Will Continue to Text While Driving If They Do Not Perceive Themselves to Be at Risk of Any Harm
- 8.2 According to Social Cognitive Theory, Children Who Observe Their Parents Obeying Traffic Laws, Such as Waiting for a Walk Light to Cross the Street, Will Likely Repeat This Behavior Later in Life
- 8.3 Adopter Categories on a Bell Curve
- 8.4 Rate of Adoption
- 9.1 Overview of the 4Mat Model of Learning
- 9.2 Lectures Can Be an Effective Way to Disseminate Large Amounts of Information to Large Groups
- 9.3 Diaphragmatic Breathing Can Be a Simple and Easy Way to Promote Stress Reduction
- 9.4 Using the Beach as a Peaceful Setting Is a Common Strategy in Guided Imagery
- 10.1 Demographic Transition
- 10.2 World Population: Past Estimates and Future Projections
- 10.3 Fertility Rates in the United States, 1917- 1997
- 10.4 A Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill
- 10.5 An Intrauterine Device (IUD) with Progestogen
- 10.6 An Opened Latex Condom and a Pregnancy Test (Showing the Sample Well): Items That May Be Used by the Sexually Active Individual
- 11.1 A Roadside Vendor Cooking Jalebi, a Popular Sweet Dish in South Asia
- 11.2 Mean Air Pollution (Particulate Matter of 10 µm or Less) in 13 Cities
- 11.3 Smog in Beijing: Air Pollution Remains a Major Issue for Many Nations
- 11.4 Workers Wearing Protective Clothing to Avoid Contamination from Hazardous Waste
- 11.5 Components of Integrated Solid Waste Management
- 12.1 Preventing Drinking and Driving Can Save Many Lives
- 12.2 The Four Components of Integrated Pest Management
- 12.3 Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Plant near Middletown, Pennsylvania: Site of a Partial Meltdown in 1979
- 12.4 Homes North of Charleston, South Carolina, Damaged by Hurricane Hugo in 1989
- 12.5 The Three Phases of Disaster Management
- 12.6 A CDC Employee Demonstrating the Proper Way to Wear Personal Protective Equipment
- 13.1 Screening Exercise Conducted by CDC Nurses to Help Employees Monitor Their Blood Pressure
- 13.2 A Young Girl with Diabetes Performs Self-Monitoring of Her Blood Glucose Level, an Important Aspect of Diabetic Preventive Care
- 13.3 Four Components of the US Health Care System
- 13.4 One of Insurers' Many Cost Containment Strategies Is to Preferentially Cover Cheaper, Generic Versions of More Expensive, Brand Name Medications
- 14.1 Basic Schematic of a Logic Model
- 14.2 Sample Gantt Chart for a One-Year Childhood Obesity Prevention Program
- 14.3 Example of a One-Year Budget: Projected and Actual at Six Months
- 14.4 Essential Elements of a SWOT Analysis
- 14.5 Using a SWOT Analysis to Develop Organizational Strategies
- 14.6 Using a SWOT Analysis to Create Public Health Strategies
- 14.7 Outline for a Projected Sex Education Program Budget
- 15.1 NCHL Health Leadership Competency Model
Tables
- 1.1 Differences Between Medicine and Community and Public Health
- 1.2 Factors Affecting Community Health
- 1.3 Topic Areas in Healthy People 2020
- 1.4 Ten Public Health Achievements Between 1900 and 1999 in the United States
- 1.5 Summary of the Timeline of Community and Public Health
- 1.6 Current Challenges in Community and Public Health
- 2.1 Summary of the Uses of Epidemiology
- 2.2 Agent Factors in the Epidemiological Triad, with Examples
- 2.3 Host Factors in the Epidemiological Triad, with Examples
- 2.4 Environmental Factors in the Epidemiological Triad, with Examples
- 2.5 Age-Adjusted (to 2000 US Standard Population) Prevalence of Coronary Heart Disease by Age and Sex- United States, 2006- 2010
- 3.1 Framework of a Case-Control Study
- 3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Case-Control Study
- 3.3 Framework of a Cohort Study
- 3.4 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Cohort Study
- 3.5 Hypothetical Data for the Relationship Between a Study Factor and a Health Outcome over One Year of a Cohort Study
- 3.6 Advantages and Disadvantages of the Randomized Clinical Trial
- 3.7 Routes of Transmission for Infectious Diseases
- 3.8 Complete Immunization Schedule: United States
- 3.9 Differences Between Infectious Diseases and Chronic Diseases
- 3.10 Common Chronic Diseases and Their Risk Factors
- 4.1 Four Scales of Measurement
- 4.2 Frequency Distribution Table of Age in a Sample of 100 Employees at a Worksite
- 4.3 Frequency Distribution Table of Age in a Sample of 100 Employees at a Worksite, with Cumulative Frequency, Relative Frequency, and Cumulative Relative Frequency
- 4.4 Hypothetical Distribution of Race in a Group (n = 20)
- 4.5 Hypothetical Age Distribution in a Group of College Students
- 4.6 Raw Data for Schoolchildren (n = 25)
- 5.1 Two Types of Error When Making a Statistical Decision
- 5.2 Hypothetical Knowledge Scores for a Theory-Based Educational Program and a Knowledge-Based Educational Program (n = 20)
- 5.3 Means and Standard Deviations of Hypothetical Knowledge Scores for the Two Groups (n = 20)
- 5.4 Summary of t-Test on Hypothetical Knowledge Scores for the Two Groups (n = 20)
- 5.5 Hypothetical Pretest and Posttest Knowledge Scores for a Theory-Based Educational Program (n = 10)
- 5.6 Means and Standard Deviations of Hypothetical Pretest and Posttest Knowledge Scores for a Theory-Based Educational Program (n = 10)
- 5.7 Summary of a Paired t-Test on Hypothetical Pretest and Posttest Knowledge Scores (n = 10)
- 5.8 Hypothetical Posttest Knowledge Scores for Three Groups (n = 30)
- 5.9 Means and Standard Deviations on Hypothetical Posttest Knowledge Scores for Three Groups (n = 30)
- 5.10 ANOVA Summary Table for the Hypothetical Posttest Knowledge Scores for Three Groups (n =...
