Microbial Catalysts. Volume 2

Name: Microbial Catalysts. Volume 2
Brand: Nova Science Publishers Inc
Price: 285.99 EUR
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M. Abdel-Aziz Shadia(Editor)

Nova Science Publishers Inc

Published on 20. September 2019

390 pages

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978-1-5361-6089-5 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Contents
Preface
Chapter 1
Bioprospecting for Microbial Tyrosinases
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Discovery of Novel Tyrosinases
3. Structural and Molecular Properties of Microbial Tyrosinases
4. Biochemical Characteristics and Production of Microbial Tyrosinases
5. Applications of Microbial Tyrosinases
Conclusion
References
Chapter 2
Microbial Enzymes: Applications and Relevance in Industries, Medicines and Beyond
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Enzymatic Biocatalysis
3. Technical Applications
3.1. Enzymes in the Feed Industry
3.2. Enzymes in Food Processing
3.3. Enzymes in Chemical and Pharmaceutical Processes
3.4. Enzymes in Therapeutic Applications
Conclusion
References
Chapter 3
Urease Producing Microbes to Aid Bio-Calcification: An Interdisciplinary Approach
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Enzyme
1.2. Urease
1.3. Outline to MICP
1.3.1. Role of Ureolytic Bacteria in MICP
1.3.2. Bacterial Surface Assists MICP
1.3.3. Approach to Gauge MICP
1.4. Application of MICP
1.4.1. MICP to Enhance Compressive Strength of Concrete
1.4.2. MICP to Overhaul Cracks in Concrete
1.4.3. Removal of Heavy Metals and Radionucleotides
1.4.4. Repossession of Environmental Carbon Dioxide
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
Acknowledgments
References
Chapter 4
Recent Developments of Microbial Fuel Cell as Sustainable Bio-Energy Sources
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Fuel Cell
2.1. History
2.2. Working Principle of Fuel Cells
2.3. Types of Fuel Cell
2.4. Applications
3. Microbial Fuel Cell and Energy Production
3.1. History of Microbial Fuel Cell
3.2. Working Principle of Microbial Fuel Cell
4. Types of Microbial Fuel Cell
4.1. Mediator Microbial Fuel Cell
4.2. Mediator Free Microbial Fuel Cell
4.3. Soil Based Microbial Fuel Cell
4.4. Phototrophic Bio-Film Microbial Fuel Cell
5. Engineering Design and Biological Aspects
5.1. Electrode Materials
5.2. Membrane
5.3. Configurations and Design
5.4. Microbial Catalysts
5.4.1. Anode Reactions
5.4.1.1. Electron Donors
5.4.1.2. Biocatalyst for Anode
5.4.1.3. Electron Transfer Mechanisms
5.4.1.3.1. Direct Electron Transfer Mechanisms
5.4.1.3.2. Indirect Electron Transfer Mechanisms
5.4.2. Cathode Reactions
5.4.2.1. Biocatalysts for Cathode
5.4.2.2. Electron Transfer Mechanisms
5.4.2.2.1. Direct Electron Transfer Mechanisms
5.4.2.2.2. Indirect Electron Transfer Mechanisms
5.4.2.2.3. Electron Acceptors
5.4.3. Pure Cultures and Mixed Microbial Communities
5.4.4. Photosynthetic Biocatalysts
5.4.5. Biological Limitations
6. Operational Parameters Affecting the Microbial Fuel Cell
6.1. Thermodynamics and the Electromotive Force
6.2. Standard Electrode Potentials
6.3. Open Circuit Voltage (OCV)
6.4. Identifying Factors that Decrease Cell Voltage
6.4.1. Ohmic Losses
6.4.2. Activation Losses
6.4.3. Bacterial Metabolic Losses
6.4.4. Concentration Losses
7. Potential Application of Microbial Fuel Cell Technology
7.1. Current Research Practices
7.2. Renewable Energy Generation or Power Generation
7.3. Biohydrogen
7.4. Wastewater Treatment
7.5. Biosensor and Bioelectronics
7.6. Biorecovery
7.7. Desalination
8. Current Directions of Microbial Fuel Cell Research
9. Environmental Aspects
10. Limitations of Microbial Fuel Cells
11. Prospects for Technology Improvement and Innovation
Conclusion
References
Chapter 5
Pectinase: An Important Microbial Biocatalyst and Its Industrial Applications
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Structure of Pectin
2.1. Classification
2.2. Protopectinases
2.3. Depolymerases
2.4. Polygalacturonases (PG)
2.5. Pectate Lyases (PGL)
2.6. Pectin Lyases (PL)
3. Rhamnogalacturonan Rhamnohydrolases (RG Rhamnohydrolase)
3.1. Rhamnogalcturonan Galacturonohydrolases (RG Galacturonohydrolase)
3.2. Rhamnogalacturonan Hydrolases (RG Hydrolases)
3.3. Rhamnogalacturonan Lyases (RG Lyases)
3.4. Rhamnogalacturonan Acetylesterases (RG Acetylesterases)
4. Xylogalacturonan Hydrolase
5. Pectin Esterase
6. Role of PGases in Plant Pathogenesis
7. Pectic Substances
8. Role of Microbes in Pectinase Production
9. Methods of Pectinase Production
10. Submerged Fermentation
11. Solid State Fermentation (SSF)
12. Application of Pectinolytic Enzymes
12.1. Textile Processing and Bioscouring of Cotton Fibers
12.2. Extraction of Fruit Juices
12.3. Retting of Plant Fibres
12.4. Degumming of Fiber Crops
12.5. Pretreatment of Pectic Waste Waters
12.6. Paper and Pulp Industry
12.7. Coffee and Tea Fermentation
12.8. Animal Feed
12.9. Oil Extraction
12.10. Improvement of Chromaticity and Stability of Red Wines
12.11. Purification of Plant Viruses
Conclusion
References
Chapter 6
Microbial Enzyme: An Effective Replacement of Industrial Catalyst
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. History of Enzyme Technology
3. Enzymes Classification
4. Global Market
5. Enzyme Production
5.1. Selection of Microbial Production Strains
5.2. Enzyme Production by Microbial Fermentation
6. Enzyme Technology
7. Industrial Applications
7.1. Food Industry
7.1.1. Baking Industry
7.1.2. Fruit Juice
7.1.3. Dairy Industry
7.1.4. Confectioneries
7.1.5. Manufacture of Sweet Syrup
7.1.6. Manufacture of Soy Products
7.1.7. Debittering of Protein Hydrolysates
7.1.8. Meat Tenderizing
7.2. Animal Feed
7.2.1. Different Feed Enzymes
7.2.2. Direct-Fed Microbials and Enzymes
7.3. Enzymes in Production of Fine Chemicals
7.3.1. Chiral Compounds
7.3.2. 4-Hydroxybenzoic Acid
7.3.3. Beta-Lactam Antibiotics
7.3.4. Asymmetric Synthesis
7.3.5. Enzymatic Oligosaccharide Synthesis
7.3.6 Production of Acrylamide
7.3.7. Production of 2-Methyl Pentanol
7.3.8. Production of Optically Active Carboxylic Acids
7.3.9. Production of Formaldehyde and Formic Acid
7.3.10. Benzene-1,2,3-Triol
7.3.11. Indigo
7.3.12. Production of Propene Oxide
7.3.13. Acrylic Acid and Products of Nitriles
7.3.14. Production of Ethanol
7.3.15. Cyclohexanol to Adipic Acid
7.4. Textile Industry
7.4.1. Desizing
7.4.2. Scouring
7.4.3. Bleaching
7.4.4. Biopolishing
7.4.5. Enzymetic Treatment of Denim
7.4.6. Degumming of Silk
7.5. Pulp and Paper
7.5.1. Prebleaching of Pulp
7.5.2. Pitch Control
7.5.3. Paper Sizing
7.5.4. Deinking
7.5.5. Elimination of Slime
7.5.6. Shives Removal
7.5.7. Debarking of Wood
7.6. Enzyme in Therapeutic Applications
7.6.1. Treatment of Damaged Tissue
7.6.2. Treatment of Cancer
7.6.3. Treatment of Infectious Diseases
7.7. Detergents
7.8. Leather
8. Future Prospect of Industrial Enzymology
Conclusion
Conflicts of Interest
References
Chapter 7
Industrial Applications of Microbial Enzymes
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. History of Enzyme Technology
3. Enzymes in Global Market
4. Industrial Enzymes Applications
4.1. Amylase
4.2. Proteases
4.3. Cellulase
4.4. Lipases
4.5. Pectinase
4.6. Laccase
4.7. Mannanase
5. Enzymes in Detergent Industries
6. Enzymes in Textile Industries
7. Enzymes in Starch and Fuel Industries
8. Enzymes in Leather Industry
9. Enzyme in Backing Industries
10. Enzyme in Pulp and Paper
11. Enzymes in Animal Feed
12. Enzymes in Medicinal Uses
13. Enzymes in Chemical Industry
14. Enzymes in Waste Management
15. Enzymes as Diagnostic Tools
Conclusion
References
Chapter 8
Phytases: Potential Biotechnological Applications and Future Challenges
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Phytates
2.1. Phytate as an Antinutrient
2.2. Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Phytate
3. Phytases
3.1. Definition
3.2. Classification
3.3. Occurrence and Environmental Protection
3.4. Milestones in Phytase Commercialization
4. Sources of Phytases
4.1. Fungal Phytases
4.2. Bacterial Phytases
4.3. Yeast Phytases
4.4. Plant Phytases
4.5. Animal Phytases
5. Strategies Applied for Improving Phytase Production
5.1. Classical Mutagenesis
5.2. Genetic Improvement
5.3. Protoplast Fusion
5.4. Directed Evolution
5.5. Response Surface Methodology
6. Phytase Manufacture and Market Trend
7. Biotechnological Applications of Phytases
7.1. Phytases as Animal Feed
7.2. Phytases in Aquaculture
7.3. Phytases in Plant Growth Promotion
7.4. Phytases for Human Nutrition
8. Current Challenges and Future Perspectives
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 9
Skin Pigmentation Disorders: Causal Enzyme and Safe Treatment
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Pigmentation
2.1. Melanin
2.2. Pigmentation Disorders
2.2.1. Melasma
2.2.2. Vitiligo
2.2.3. Brown Spots
2.2.4. Freckles
2.2.5. Age Spots
2.2.6. Albinism
3. Tyrosinase Inhibitors
3.1. Phenolic Compounds
3.1.1. Hydroquinone
3.1.2. Mequinol
3.1.3. N-Acetyl-4-S-Cysteaminylphenol
3.2. Non-Phenolic Compounds
3.2.1. Kojic Acid
3.2.2. Mulberry
3.2.3. Arbutin
3.2.4. Glutathione
3.2.5. Licorice Root
3.2.6. Papaya
3.2.7. Vitamin A
3.2.8. Vitamin B3
3.2.9. Vitamin C
3.3. Mechanisms of Melanogenesis Inhibition
3.3.1. Inhibition of Tyrosinase mRNA Transcription
3.3.2. Aberrant Tyrosinase Maturation
3.3.3. Inhibition of Tyrosinase Catalytic Activity
3.3.4. Acceleration of Tyrosinase Degradation
4. Microbial Tyrosinases
4.1. Sources of Tyrosinase
4.1.1. Fungus as a Source of Tyrosinase
4.1.2. Bacteria as a Source of Tyrosinase
4.2. Pharmaceutical and Industrial Applications
5. Treatment Strategies for Pigmentation Disorders
6. Safety of Cosmetic Agents
Conclusion
References
Chapter 10
Pectinases: Properties and Applications
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Pectic Substances
3. Structure and Classification of Pectic Substances
3.1. Proto-Pectin
3.2. Pectic Acids
3.3. Pectinic Acids
4. Pectinolytic Enzymes
5. Classification
5.1. Esterases
5.2. Depolymerases
5.3. Hydrolyases
5.4. Protopectinases
5.4.1. A-Type PPases
5.4.2. B-Type PPases
5.5. Polygalacturonases
5.6. Lyases
6. Production of Pectinolytic Enzymes
7. Microbial Pectinase
8. Conditions of Optimum Production
9. Pecinase and Human Nutrition: Human Gut Flora, Pectinases and Dietary Fiber
10. Commercial Applications of Pectinases
10.1. Processing of Animal Feed
10.2. Uses in Bio Refineries
10.3. Extraction of Juice from Soft Fruits
10.4. Wine Production
10.5. Tea and Coffee Production
10.6. Extraction of Vegetable Oil
10.7. Textile Industry
10.8. Recycling of Paper
10.9. Waste Water Treatment
Conclusion and Future Perspectives
References
Chapter 11
Naringinase: Applications and Biotechnological Aspects
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Naringin and Naringenin
2.1. Debittering of Naringin
2.2. Flavonoid Naringin
3. Naringinase
4. Biotechnological Applications of Naringinase
5. Further Prospects and Challenges
Conclusion
References
Chapter 12
Asparaginase: Applications and Strategies for Acrylamide Reduction
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Historical Background
3. Acrylamide Formation in Food
4. Occurrence of Acrylamide
5. Production of L-Asparaginase
6. Applications of L-Asparaginase
6.1. Pharmaceutical Industry
6.2. Food Processing
7. Toxicity of L-Asparaginase
8. Mode of Action
8.1. L-Asparaginases as Drugs
8.2. L-Asparaginases in Food Processing
9. Strategies for Acrylamide Reduction
9.1. Mitigation Strategies
9.1.1. Technological Strategies Based on Physical Approach
9.1.2. Technological Strategies Based on a Chemical Approach
9.1.3. Technological Strategies Based on a Biotechnological Approach
9.2. Removal Intervention
Conclusion
Conflict of Interest
References
Chapter 13
Chitinase as Prognostic Marker: A Major Thrust Area of Research from Medical Aspects
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Structural Outline of Mammalian Chitinase
3. Mechanism of Hydrolysis Pattern of Pathogen and Signaling Pathway
4. Chitotriosidase (CHIT1) and Its Potential Relevance in Diseased Conditions
4.1. Gaucher's Disease
4.2. Cancer
4.3. Atherosclerosis
4.4. Sarcoidosis
4.5. Pulmonary Mycoses
5. Acidic Mammalian Chitinase(AMCase) and Its Potential Relevance in Diseased Conditions
5.1. Asthma
5.2. Conjuctivitis
5.3. Rhinosinusitis
Conclusion
References
Chapter 14
Trichoderma: A Potent Source of Fungal Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes
Abstract
1. Introduction
1.1. Trichoderma and Its Enzymes
1.2. Fungal Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes from Trichoderma
1.3. Role of Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes in Induced Systemic Resistance
2. Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes
2.1. Cellulase
2.2. Chitinases
2.3. Glucanases
2.4. Protease
Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
About the Editors
About the Contributors
Index
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Microbial Catalysts. Volume 2

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