
Java The Complete Reference, Eighth Edition
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Content
- Cover Page
- Java: The Complete ReferenceT
- Copyright Page
- About the Author
- Contents at a Glance
- Contents
- Preface
- PART I The Java Language
- CHAPTER 1 The History and Evolution of Java
- Java's Lineage
- The Birth of Modern Programming: C
- C++: The Next Step
- The Stage Is Set for Java
- The Creation of Java
- The C# Connection
- How Java Changed the Internet
- Java Applets
- Security
- Portability
- Java's Magic: The Bytecode
- Servlets: Java on the Server Side
- The Java Buzzwords
- Simple
- Object-Oriented
- Robust
- Multithreaded
- Architecture-Neutral
- Interpreted and High Performance
- Distributed
- Dynamic
- The Evolution of Java
- Java SE 7
- A Culture of Innovation
- CHAPTER 2 An Overview of Java
- Object-Oriented Programming
- Two Paradigms
- Abstraction
- The Three OOP Principles
- A First Simple Program
- Entering the Program
- Compiling the Program
- A Closer Look at the First Sample Program
- A Second Short Program
- Two Control Statements
- The if Statement
- The for Loop
- Using Blocks of Code
- Lexical Issues
- Whitespace
- Identifiers
- Literals
- Comments
- Separators
- The Java Keywords
- The Java Class Libraries
- CHAPTER 3 Data Types, Variables, and Arrays
- Java Is a Strongly Typed Language
- The Primitive Types
- Integers
- byte
- short
- int
- long
- Floating-Point Types
- float
- double
- Characters
- Booleans
- A Closer Look at Literals
- Integer Literals
- Floating-Point Literals
- Boolean Literals
- Character Literals
- String Literals
- Variables
- Declaring a Variable
- Dynamic Initialization
- The Scope and Lifetime of Variables
- Type Conversion and Casting
- Java's Automatic Conversions
- Casting Incompatible Types
- Automatic Type Promotion in Expressions
- The Type Promotion Rules
- Arrays
- One-Dimensional Arrays
- Multidimensional Arrays
- Alternative Array Declaration Syntax
- A Few Words About Strings
- A Note to C/C++ Programmers About Pointers
- CHAPTER 4 Operators
- Arithmetic Operators
- The Basic Arithmetic Operators
- The Modulus Operator
- Arithmetic Compound Assignment Operators
- Increment and Decrement
- The Bitwise Operators
- The Bitwise Logical Operators
- The Left Shift
- The Right Shift
- The Unsigned Right Shift
- Bitwise Operator Compound Assignments
- Relational Operators
- Boolean Logical Operators
- Short-Circuit Logical Operators
- The Assignment Operator
- The ? Operator
- Operator Precedence
- Using Parentheses
- CHAPTER 5 Control Statements
- Java's Selection Statements
- if
- switch
- Iteration Statements
- while
- do-while
- for
- The For-Each Version of the for Loop
- Nested Loops
- Jump Statements
- Using break
- Using continue
- CHAPTER 6 Introducing Classes
- Class Fundamentals
- The General Form of a Class
- A Simple Class
- Declaring Objects
- A Closer Look at new
- Assigning Object Reference Variables
- Introducing Methods
- Adding a Method to the Box Class
- Returning a Value
- Adding a Method That Takes Parameters
- Constructors
- Parameterized Constructors
- The this Keyword
- Instance Variable Hiding
- Garbage Collection
- The finalize( ) Method
- A Stack Class
- CHAPTER 7 A Closer Look at Methods and Classes
- Overloading Methods
- Overloading Constructors
- Using Objects as Parameters
- A Closer Look at Argument Passing
- Returning Objects
- Recursion
- Introducing Access Control
- Understanding static
- Introducing final
- Arrays Revisited
- Introducing Nested and Inner Classes
- Exploring the String Class
- Using Command-Line Arguments
- Varargs: Variable-Length Arguments
- Overloading Vararg Methods
- Varargs and Ambiguity
- CHAPTER 8 Inheritance
- Inheritance Basics
- Member Access and Inheritance
- A More Practical Example
- A Superclass Variable Can Reference a Subclass Object
- Using super
- Using super to Call Superclass Constructors
- A Second Use for super
- Creating a Multilevel Hierarchy
- When Constructors Are Called
- Method Overriding
- Dynamic Method Dispatch
- Why Overridden Methods?
- Applying Method Overriding
- Using Abstract Classes
- Using final with Inheritance
- Using final to Prevent Overriding
- Using final to Prevent Inheritance
- The Object Class
- CHAPTER 9 Packages and Interfaces
- Packages
- Defining a Package
- Finding Packages and CLASSPATH
- A Short Package Example
- Access Protection
- An Access Example
- Importing Packages
- Interfaces
- Defining an Interface
- Implementing Interfaces
- Nested Interfaces
- Applying Interfaces
- Variables in Interfaces
- Interfaces Can Be Extended
- CHAPTER 10 Exception Handling
- Exception-Handling Fundamentals
- Exception Types
- Uncaught Exceptions
- Using try and catch
- Displaying a Description of an Exception
- Multiple catch Clauses
- Nested try Statements
- throw
- throws
- finally
- Java's Built-in Exceptions
- Creating Your Own Exception Subclasses
- Chained Exceptions
- Three New JDK 7 Exception Features
- Using Exceptions
- CHAPTER 11 Multithreaded Programming
- The Java Thread Model
- Thread Priorities
- Synchronization
- Messaging
- The Thread Class and the Runnable Interface
- The Main Thread
- Creating a Thread
- Implementing Runnable
- Extending Thread
- Choosing an Approach
- Creating Multiple Threads
- Using isAlive( ) and join( )
- Thread Priorities
- Synchronization
- Using Synchronized Methods
- The synchronized Statement
- Interthread Communication
- Deadlock
- Suspending, Resuming, and Stopping Threads
- Suspending, Resuming, and Stopping Threads Using Java 1.1 and Earlier
- The Modern Way of Suspending, Resuming, and Stopping Threads
- Obtaining A Thread's State
- Using Multithreading
- CHAPTER 12 Enumerations, Autoboxing, and Annotations (Metadata)
- Enumerations
- Enumeration Fundamentals
- The values( ) and valueOf( ) Methods
- Java Enumerations Are Class Types
- Enumerations Inherit Enum
- Another Enumeration Example
- Type Wrappers
- Character
- Boolean
- The Numeric Type Wrappers
- Autoboxing
- Autoboxing and Methods
- Autoboxing/Unboxing Occurs in Expressions
- Autoboxing/Unboxing Boolean and Character Values
- Autoboxing/Unboxing Helps Prevent Errors
- A Word of Warning
- Annotations (Metadata)
- Annotation Basics
- Specifying a Retention Policy
- Obtaining Annotations at Run Time by Use of Reflection
- The AnnotatedElement Interface
- Using Default Values
- Marker Annotations
- Single-Member Annotations
- The Built-In Annotations
- Some Restrictions
- CHAPTER 13 I/O, Applets, and Other Topics
- I/O Basics
- Streams
- Byte Streams and Character Streams
- The Predefined Streams
- Reading Console Input
- Reading Characters
- Reading Strings
- Writing Console Output
- The PrintWriter Class
- Reading and Writing Files
- Automatically Closing a File
- Applet Fundamentals
- The transient and volatile Modifiers
- Using instanceof
- strictfp
- Native Methods
- Problems with Native Methods
- Using assert
- Assertion Enabling and Disabling Options
- Static Import
- Invoking Overloaded Constructors Through this( )
- CHAPTER 14 Generics
- What Are Generics?
- A Simple Generics Example
- Generics Work Only with Objects
- Generic Types Differ Based on Their Type Arguments
- How Generics Improve Type Safety
- A Generic Class with Two Type Parameters
- The General Form of a Generic Class
- Bounded Types
- Using Wildcard Arguments
- Bounded Wildcards
- Creating a Generic Method
- Generic Constructors
- Generic Interfaces
- Raw Types and Legacy Code
- Generic Class Hierarchies
- Using a Generic Superclass
- A Generic Subclass
- Run-Time Type Comparisons Within a Generic Hierarchy
- Casting
- Overriding Methods in a Generic Class
- Type Inference with Generics
- Erasure
- Bridge Methods
- Ambiguity Errors
- Some Generic Restrictions
- Type Parameters Can't Be Instantiated
- Restrictions on Static Members
- Generic Array Restrictions
- Generic Exception Restriction
- PART II The Java Library
- CHAPTER 15 String Handling
- The String Constructors
- String Length
- Special String Operations
- String Literals
- String Concatenation
- String Concatenation with Other Data Types
- String Conversion and toString( )
- Character Extraction
- charAt( )
- getChars( )
- getBytes( )
- toCharArray( )
- String Comparison
- equals( ) and equalsIgnoreCase( )
- regionMatches( )
- startsWith( ) and endsWith( )
- equals( ) Versus ==
- compareTo( )
- Searching Strings
- Modifying a String
- substring( )
- concat( )
- replace( )
- trim( )
- Data Conversion Using valueOf( )
- Changing the Case of Characters Within a String
- Additional String Methods
- StringBuffer
- StringBuffer Constructors
- length( ) and capacity( )
- ensureCapacity( )
- setLength( )
- charAt( ) and setCharAt( )
- getChars( )
- append( )
- insert( )
- reverse( )
- delete( ) and deleteCharAt( )
- replace( )
- substring( )
- Additional StringBuffer Methods
- StringBuilder
- CHAPTER 16 Exploring java.lang
- Primitive Type Wrappers
- Number
- Double and Float
- Understanding isInfinite( ) and isNaN( )
- Byte, Short, Integer, and Long
- Character
- Additions to Character for Unicode Code Point Support
- Boolean
- Void
- Process
- Runtime
- Memory Management
- Executing Other Programs
- ProcessBuilder
- System
- Using currentTimeMillis( ) to Time Program Execution
- Using arraycopy( )
- Environment Properties
- Object
- Using clone( ) and the Cloneable Interface
- Class
- ClassLoader
- Math
- Trigonometric Functions
- Exponential Functions
- Rounding Functions
- Miscellaneous Math Methods
- StrictMath
- Compiler
- Thread, ThreadGroup, and Runnable
- The Runnable Interface
- Thread
- ThreadGroup
- ThreadLocal and InheritableThreadLocal
- Package
- RuntimePermission
- Throwable
- SecurityManager
- StackTraceElement
- Enum
- ClassValue
- The CharSequence Interface
- The Comparable Interface
- The Appendable Interface
- The Iterable Interface
- The Readable Interface
- The AutoCloseable Interface
- The Thread.UncaughtExceptionHandler Interface
- The java.lang Subpackages
- java.lang.annotation
- java.lang.instrument
- java.lang.invoke
- java.lang.management
- java.lang.ref
- java.lang.reflect
- CHAPTER 17 java.util Part 1: The Collections Framework
- Collections Overview
- JDK 5 Changed the Collections Framework
- Generics Fundamentally Changed the Collections Framework
- Autoboxing Facilitates the Use of Primitive Types
- The For-Each Style for Loop
- The Collection Interfaces
- The Collection Interface
- The List Interface
- The Set Interface
- The SortedSet Interface
- The NavigableSet Interface
- The Queue Interface
- The Deque Interface
- The Collection Classes
- The ArrayList Class
- The LinkedList Class
- The HashSet Class
- The LinkedHashSet Class
- The TreeSet Class
- The PriorityQueue Class
- The ArrayDeque Class
- The EnumSet Class
- Accessing a Collection via an Iterator
- Using an Iterator
- The For-Each Alternative to Iterators
- Storing User-Defined Classes in Collections
- The RandomAccess Interface
- Working with Maps
- The Map Interfaces
- The Map Classes
- Comparators
- Using a Comparator
- The Collection Algorithms
- Arrays
- Why Generic Collections?
- The Legacy Classes and Interfaces
- The Enumeration Interface
- Vector
- Stack
- Dictionary
- Hashtable
- Properties
- Using store( ) and load( )
- Parting Thoughts on Collections
- CHAPTER 18 java.util Part 2: More Utility Classes
- StringTokenizer
- BitSet
- Date
- Calendar
- GregorianCalendar
- TimeZone
- SimpleTimeZone
- Locale
- Random
- Observable
- The Observer Interface
- An Observer Example
- Timer and TimerTask
- Currency
- Formatter
- The Formatter Constructors
- The Formatter Methods
- Formatting Basics
- Formatting Strings and Characters
- Formatting Numbers
- Formatting Time and Date
- The %n and %% Specifiers
- Specifying a Minimum Field Width
- Specifying Precision
- Using the Format Flags
- Justifying Output
- The Space, +, 0, and ( Flags
- The Comma Flag
- The # Flag
- The Uppercase Option
- Using an Argument Index
- Closing a Formatter
- The Java printf( ) Connection
- Scanner
- The Scanner Constructors
- Scanning Basics
- Some Scanner Examples
- Setting Delimiters
- Other Scanner Features
- The ResourceBundle, ListResourceBundle, and PropertyResourceBundle Classes
- Miscellaneous Utility Classes and Interfaces
- The java.util Subpackages
- java.util.concurrent, java.util.concurrent.atomic, and java.util.concurrent.locks
- java.util.jar
- java.util.logging
- java.util.prefs
- java.util.regex
- java.util.spi
- java.util.zip
- CHAPTER 19 Input/Output: Exploring java.io
- The I/O Classes and Interfaces
- File
- Directories
- Using FilenameFilter
- The listFiles( ) Alternative
- Creating Directories
- The AutoCloseable, Closeable, and Flushable Interfaces
- I/O Exceptions
- Two Ways to Close a Stream
- The Stream Classes
- The Byte Streams
- InputStream
- OutputStream
- FileInputStream
- FileOutputStream
- ByteArrayInputStream
- ByteArrayOutputStream
- Filtered Byte Streams
- Buffered Byte Streams
- SequenceInputStream
- PrintStream
- DataOutputStream and DataInputStream
- RandomAccessFile
- The Character Streams
- Reader
- Writer
- FileReader
- FileWriter
- CharArrayReader
- CharArrayWriter
- BufferedReader
- BufferedWriter
- PushbackReader
- PrintWriter
- The Console Class
- Serialization
- Serializable
- Externalizable
- ObjectOutput
- ObjectOutputStream
- ObjectInput
- ObjectInputStream
- A Serialization Example
- Stream Benefits
- CHAPTER 20 Exploring NIO
- The NIO Classes
- NIO Fundamentals
- Buffers
- Channels
- Charsets and Selectors
- Enhancements Added to NIO by JDK 7
- The Path Interface
- The Files Class
- The Paths Class
- The File Attribute Interfaces
- The FileSystem, FileSystems, and FileStore Classes
- Using the NIO System
- Use NIO for Channel-Based I/O
- Use NIO for Stream-Based I/O
- Use NIO for Path and File System Operations
- Pre-JDK 7 Channel-Based Examples
- Read a File, Pre-JDK 7
- Write to a File, Pre-JDK 7
- CHAPTER 21 Networking
- Networking Basics
- The Networking Classes and Interfaces
- InetAddress
- Factory Methods
- Instance Methods
- Inet4Address and Inet6Address
- TCP/IP Client Sockets
- URL
- URLConnection
- HttpURLConnection
- The URI Class
- Cookies
- TCP/IP Server Sockets
- Datagrams
- DatagramSocket
- DatagramPacket
- A Datagram Example
- CHAPTER 22 The Applet Class
- Two Types of Applets
- Applet Basics
- The Applet Class
- Applet Architecture
- An Applet Skeleton
- Applet Initialization and Termination
- Overriding update( )
- Simple Applet Display Methods
- Requesting Repainting
- A Simple Banner Applet
- Using the Status Window
- The HTML APPLET Tag
- Passing Parameters to Applets
- Improving the Banner Applet
- getDocumentBase( ) and getCodeBase( )
- AppletContext and showDocument( )
- The AudioClip Interface
- The AppletStub Interface
- Outputting to the Console
- CHAPTER 23 Event Handling
- Two Event Handling Mechanisms
- The Delegation Event Model
- Events
- Event Sources
- Event Listeners
- Event Classes
- The ActionEvent Class
- The AdjustmentEvent Class
- The ComponentEvent Class
- The ContainerEvent Class
- The FocusEvent Class
- The InputEvent Class
- The ItemEvent Class
- The KeyEvent Class
- The MouseEvent Class
- The MouseWheelEvent Class
- The TextEvent Class
- The WindowEvent Class
- Sources of Events
- Event Listener Interfaces
- The ActionListener Interface
- The AdjustmentListener Interface
- The ComponentListener Interface
- The ContainerListener Interface
- The FocusListener Interface
- The ItemListener Interface
- The KeyListener Interface
- The MouseListener Interface
- The MouseMotionListener Interface
- The MouseWheelListener Interface
- The TextListener Interface
- The WindowFocusListener Interface
- The WindowListener Interface
- Using the Delegation Event Model
- Handling Mouse Events
- Handling Keyboard Events
- Adapter Classes
- Inner Classes
- Anonymous Inner Classes
- CHAPTER 24 Introducing the AWT: Working with Windows, Graphics, and Text
- AWT Classes
- Window Fundamentals
- Component
- Container
- Panel
- Window
- Frame
- Canvas
- Working with Frame Windows
- Setting the Window's Dimensions
- Hiding and Showing a Window
- Setting a Window's Title
- Closing a Frame Window
- Creating a Frame Window in an Applet
- Handling Events in a Frame Window
- Creating a Windowed Program
- Displaying Information Within a Window
- Working with Graphics
- Drawing Lines
- Drawing Rectangles
- Drawing Ellipses and Circles
- Drawing Arcs
- Drawing Polygons
- Sizing Graphics
- Working with Color
- Color Methods
- Setting the Current Graphics Color
- A Color Demonstration Applet
- Setting the Paint Mode
- Working with Fonts
- Determining the Available Fonts
- Creating and Selecting a Font
- Obtaining Font Information
- Managing Text Output Using FontMetrics
- Displaying Multiple Lines of Text
- Centering Text
- Multiline Text Alignment
- CHAPTER 25 Using AWT Controls, Layout Managers, and Menus
- Control Fundamentals
- Adding and Removing Controls
- Responding to Controls
- The HeadlessException
- Labels
- Using Buttons
- Handling Buttons
- Applying Check Boxes
- Handling Check Boxes
- CheckboxGroup
- Choice Controls
- Handling Choice Lists
- Using Lists
- Handling Lists
- Managing Scroll Bars
- Handling Scroll Bars
- Using a TextField
- Handling a TextField
- Using a TextArea
- Understanding Layout Managers
- FlowLayout
- BorderLayout
- Using Insets
- GridLayout
- CardLayout
- GridBagLayout
- Menu Bars and Menus
- Dialog Boxes
- FileDialog
- Handling Events by Extending AWT Components
- Extending Button
- Extending Checkbox
- Extending a Check Box Group
- Extending Choice
- Extending List
- Extending Scrollbar
- A Word About Overriding paint( )
- CHAPTER 26 Images
- File Formats
- Image Fundamentals: Creating, Loading, and Displaying
- Creating an Image Object
- Loading an Image
- Displaying an Image
- ImageObserver
- Double Buffering
- MediaTracker
- ImageProducer
- MemoryImageSource
- ImageConsumer
- PixelGrabber
- ImageFilter
- CropImageFilter
- RGBImageFilter
- Cell Animation
- Additional Imaging Classes
- CHAPTER 27 The Concurrency Utilities
- The Concurrent API Packages
- java.util.concurrent
- java.util.concurrent.atomic
- java.util.concurrent.locks
- Using Synchronization Objects
- Semaphore
- CountDownLatch
- CyclicBarrier
- Exchanger
- Phaser
- Using an Executor
- A Simple Executor Example
- Using Callable and Future
- The TimeUnit Enumeration
- The Concurrent Collections
- Locks
- Atomic Operations
- Parallel Programming via the Fork/Join Framework
- The Main Fork/Join Classes
- The Divide-and-Conquer Strategy
- A Simple First Fork/Join Example
- Understanding the Impact of the Level of Parallelism
- An Example that Uses RecursiveTask&V&
- Executing a Task Asynchronously
- Cancelling a Task
- Determining a Task's Completion Status
- Restarting a Task
- Things to Explore
- Some Fork/Join Tips
- The Concurrency Utilities Versus Java's Traditional Approach
- CHAPTER 28 Regular Expressions and Other Packages
- The Core Java API Packages
- Regular Expression Processing
- Pattern
- Matcher
- Regular Expression Syntax
- Demonstrating Pattern Matching
- Two Pattern-Matching Options
- Exploring Regular Expressions
- Reflection
- Remote Method Invocation (RMI)
- A Simple Client/Server Application Using RMI
- Text Formatting
- DateFormat Class
- SimpleDateFormat Class
- PART III Software Development Using Java
- CHAPTER 29 Java Beans
- What Is a Java Bean?
- Advantages of Java Beans
- Introspection
- Design Patterns for Properties
- Design Patterns for Events
- Methods and Design Patterns
- Using the BeanInfo Interface
- Bound and Constrained Properties
- Persistence
- Customizers
- The Java Beans API
- Introspector
- PropertyDescriptor
- EventSetDescriptor
- MethodDescriptor
- A Bean Example
- CHAPTER 30 Introducing Swing
- The Origins of Swing
- Swing Is Built on the AWT
- Two Key Swing Features
- Swing Components Are Lightweight
- Swing Supports a Pluggable Look and Feel
- The MVC Connection
- Components and Containers
- Components
- Containers
- The Top-Level Container Panes
- The Swing Packages
- A Simple Swing Application
- Event Handling
- Create a Swing Applet
- Painting in Swing
- Painting Fundamentals
- Compute the Paintable Area
- A Paint Example
- CHAPTER 31 Exploring Swing
- JLabel and ImageIcon
- JTextField
- The Swing Buttons
- JButton
- JToggleButton
- Check Boxes
- Radio Buttons
- JTabbedPane
- JList
- JComboBox
- Trees
- JTable
- Continuing Your Exploration of Swing
- CHAPTER 32 Servlets
- Background
- The Life Cycle of a Servlet
- Servlet Development Options
- Using Tomcat
- A Simple Servlet
- Create and Compile the Servlet Source Code
- Start Tomcat
- Start a Web Browser and Request the Servlet
- The Servlet API
- The javax.servlet Package
- The Servlet Interface
- The ServletConfig Interface
- The ServletContext Interface
- The ServletRequest Interface
- The ServletResponse Interface
- The GenericServlet Class
- The ServletInputStream Class
- The ServletOutputStream Class
- The Servlet Exception Classes
- Reading Servlet Parameters
- The javax.servlet.http Package
- The HttpServletRequest Interface
- The HttpServletResponse Interface
- The HttpSession Interface
- The HttpSessionBindingListener Interface
- The Cookie Class
- The HttpServlet Class
- The HttpSessionEvent Class
- The HttpSessionBindingEvent Class
- Handling HTTP Requests and Responses
- Handling HTTP GET Requests
- Handling HTTP POST Requests
- Using Cookies
- Session Tracking
- PART IV Applying Java
- CHAPTER 33 Financial Applets and Servlets
- Finding the Payments for a Loan
- The RegPay Fields
- The init( ) Method
- The makeGUI( ) Method
- The actionPerformed( ) Method
- The compute( ) Method
- Finding the Future Value of an Investment
- Finding the Initial Investment Required to Achieve a Future Value
- Finding the Initial Investment Needed for a Desired Annuity
- Finding the Maximum Annuity for a Given Investment
- Finding the Remaining Balance on a Loan
- Creating Financial Servlets
- Converting the RegPay Applet into a Servlet
- The RegPayS Servlet
- Some Things to Try
- CHAPTER 34 Creating a Download Manager in Java
- Understanding Internet Downloads
- An Overview of the Download Manager
- The Download Class
- The Download Variables
- The Download Constructor
- The download( ) Method
- The run( ) Method
- The stateChanged( ) Method
- Action and Accessor Methods
- The ProgressRenderer Class
- The DownloadsTableModel Class
- The addDownload( ) Method
- The clearDownload( ) Method
- The getColumnClass( ) Method
- The getValueAt( ) Method
- The update( ) Method
- The DownloadManager Class
- The DownloadManager Variables
- The DownloadManager Constructor
- The verifyUrl( ) Method
- The tableSelectionChanged( ) Method
- The updateButtons( ) Method
- Handling Action Events
- Compiling and Running the Download Manager
- Enhancing the Download Manager
- APPENDIX Using Java's Documentation Comments
- The javadoc Tags
- @author
- {@code}
- @deprecated
- {@docRoot}
- @exception
- {@inheritDoc}
- {@link}
- {@linkplain}
- {@literal}
- @param
- @return
- @see
- @serial
- @serialData
- @serialField
- @since
- @throws
- {@value}
- @version
- The General Form of a Documentation Comment
- What javadoc Outputs
- An Example that Uses Documentation Comments
- Index
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