
Practical Electronics for Inventors, Fourth Edition
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Content
- Cover Page
- Halftitle Page
- About the Authors
- About the Technical Editors
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Contents
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Electronics
- CHAPTER 2 Theory
- 2.1 Theory of Electronics
- 2.2 Electric Current
- 2.2.1 Currents in Perspective
- 2.3 Voltage
- 2.3.1 The Mechanisms of Voltage
- 2.3.2 Definition of Volt and Generalized Power Law
- 2.3.3 Combining Batteries
- 2.3.4 Other Voltage Sources
- 2.3.5 Water Analogies
- 2.4 A Microscopic View of Conduction (for Those Who Are Interested)
- 2.4.1 Applying a Voltage
- 2.5 Resistance, Resistivity, Conductivity
- 2.5.1 How the Shape of a Conductor Affects Resistance
- 2.5.2 Resistivity and Conductivity
- 2.6 Insulators, Conductors, and Semiconductors
- 2.7 Heat and Power
- 2.8 Thermal Heat Conduction and Thermal Resistance
- 2.8.1 Importance of Heat Production
- 2.9 Wire Gauges
- 2.10 Grounds
- 2.10.1 Earth Ground
- 2.10.2 Different Types of Ground Symbols
- 2.10.3 Loose Ends on Grounding
- 2.11 Electric Circuits
- 2.12 Ohm's Law and Resistors
- 2.12.1 Resistor Power Ratings
- 2.12.2 Resistors in Parallel
- 2.12.3 Resistors in Series
- 2.12.4 Reducing a Complex Resistor Network
- 2.12.5 Multiple Voltage Dividers
- 2.13 Voltage and Current Sources
- 2.14 Measuring Voltage, Current, and Resistance
- 2.15 Combining Batteries
- 2.16 Open and Short Circuits
- 2.17 Kirchhoff's Laws
- 2.18 Superposition Theorem
- 2.19 Thevenin's and Norton's Theorems
- 2.19.1 Thevenin's Theorem
- 2.19.2 Norton's Theorem
- 2.20 AC Circuits
- 2.20.1 Generating AC
- 2.20.2 Water Analogy of AC
- 2.20.3 Pulsating DC
- 2.20.4 Combining Sinusoidal Sources
- 2.20.5 AC Waveforms
- 2.20.6 Describing an AC Waveform
- 2.20.7 Frequency and Period
- 2.20.8 Phase
- 2.21 AC and Resistors, RMS Voltage, and Current
- 2.22 Mains Power
- 2.23 Capacitors
- 2.23.1 Determining Capacitance
- 2.23.2 Commercial Capacitors
- 2.23.3 Voltage Rating and Dielectric Breakdown
- 2.23.4 Maxwell's Displacement Current
- 2.23.5 Charge-Based Model of Current Through a Capacitor
- 2.23.6 Capacitor Water Analogy
- 2.23.7 Energy in a Capacitor
- 2.23.8 RC Time Constant
- 2.23.9 Stray Capacitance
- 2.23.10 Capacitors in Parallel
- 2.23.11 Capacitors in Series
- 2.23.12 Alternating Current in a Capacitor
- 2.23.13 Capacitive Reactance
- 2.23.14 Capacitive Divider
- 2.23.15 Quality Factor
- 2.24 Inductors
- 2.24.1 Electromagnetism
- 2.24.2 Magnetic Fields and Their Influence
- 2.24.3 Self-Inductance
- 2.24.4 Inductors
- 2.24.5 Inductor Water Analogy
- 2.24.6 Inductor Equations
- 2.24.7 Energy Within an Inductor
- 2.24.8 Inductor Cores
- 2.24.9 Understanding the Inductor Equations
- 2.24.10 Energizing RL Circuit
- 2.24.11 Deenergizing RL Circuit
- 2.24.12 Voltage Spikes Due to Switching
- 2.24.13 Straight-Wire Inductance
- 2.24.14 Mutual Inductance and Magnetic Coupling
- 2.24.15 Unwanted Coupling: Spikes, Lightning, and Other Pulses
- 2.24.16 Inductors in Series and Parallel
- 2.24.17 Alternating Current and Inductors
- 2.24.18 Inductive Reactance
- 2.24.19 Nonideal Inductor Model
- 2.24.20 Quality Factor
- 2.24.21 Inductor Applications
- 2.25 Modeling Complex Circuits
- 2.26 Complex Numbers
- 2.27 Circuit with Sinusoidal Sources
- 2.27.1 Analyzing Sinusoidal Circuits with Complex Impedances
- 2.27.2 Sinusoidal Voltage Source in Complex Notation
- 2.27.3 Odd Phenomena in Reactive Circuits
- 2.28 Power in AC Circuits (Apparent Power, Real Power, Reactive Power)
- 2.28.1 Power Factor
- 2.29 Thevenin's Theorem in AC Form
- 2.30 Resonant Circuits
- 2.30.1 Resonance in RLC Circuits
- 2.30.2 Q (Quality Factor) and Bandwidth
- 2.30.3 Bandwidth
- 2.30.4 Voltage Drop Across Components in RLC Resonant Circuit
- 2.30.5 Capacitor Losses
- 2.30.6 Parallel-Resonant Circuits
- 2.30.7 The Q of Loaded Circuits
- 2.31 Lecture on Decibels
- 2.31.1 Alternative Decibel Representations
- 2.32 Input and Output Impedance
- 2.32.1 Input Impedance
- 2.32.2 Output Impedance
- 2.33 Two-Port Networks and Filters
- 2.33.1 Filters
- 2.33.2 Attenuators
- 2.34 Transient Circuits
- 2.34.1 Series RLC Circuit
- 2.35 Circuits with Periodic Nonsinusoidal Sources
- 2.35.1 Fourier Series
- 2.36 Nonperiodic Sources
- 2.37 SPICE
- 2.37.1 How SPICE Works
- 2.37.2 Limitations of SPICE and Other Simulators
- 2.37.3 A Simple Simulation Example
- CHAPTER 3 Basic Electronic Circuit Components
- 3.1 Wires, Cables, and Connectors
- 3.1.1 Wires
- 3.1.2 Cables
- 3.1.3 Connectors
- 3.1.4 Wiring and Connector Symbols
- 3.1.5 High-Frequency Effects Within Wires and Cables
- 3.2 Batteries
- 3.2.1 How a Cell Works
- 3.2.2 Primary Batteries
- 3.2.3 Comparing Primary Batteries
- 3.2.4 Secondary Batteries
- 3.2.5 Battery Capacity
- 3.2.6 Note on Internal Voltage Drop of a Battery
- 3.3 Switches
- 3.3.1 How a Switch Works
- 3.3.2 Describing a Switch
- 3.3.3 Kinds of Switches
- 3.3.4 Simple Switch Applications
- 3.4 Relays
- 3.4.1 Specific Kinds of Relays
- 3.4.2 A Few Notes about Relays
- 3.4.3 Some Simple Relay Circuits
- 3.5 Resistors
- 3.5.1 Resistance and Ohm's Law
- 3.5.2 Resistors in Series and Parallel
- 3.5.3 Reading Resistor Labels
- 3.5.4 Real Resistor Characteristics
- 3.5.5 Types of Resistors
- 3.5.6 Variable Resistors (Rheostats, Potentiometers, Trimmers)
- 3.5.7 Potentiometer Characteristics
- 3.6 Capacitors
- 3.6.1 Capacitance
- 3.6.2 Capacitors in Parallel
- 3.6.3 Capacitors in Series
- 3.6.4 RC Time Constant
- 3.6.5 Capacitive Reactance
- 3.6.6 Real Capacitors
- 3.6.7 Capacitor Specifications
- 3.6.8 Types of Capacitors
- 3.6.9 Capacitor Applications
- 3.6.10 Timing and Sample and Hold
- 3.6.11 RC Ripple Filter
- 3.6.12 Arc Suppression
- 3.6.13 Supercapacitor Applications
- 3.6.14 Problems
- 3.7 Inductors
- 3.7.1 Inductance
- 3.7.2 Constructing Inductors
- 3.7.3 Inductors in Series and Parallel
- 3.7.4 RL Time Constant
- 3.7.5 Inductive Reactance
- 3.7.6 Real Inductors
- 3.7.7 Inductor Specifications
- 3.7.8 Types of Inductors
- 3.7.9 Reading Inductor Labels
- 3.7.10 Inductor Applications
- 3.7.11 EMI/EMC Design Tips
- 3.8 Transformers
- 3.8.1 Basic Operations
- 3.8.2 Transformer Construction
- 3.8.3 Autotransformers and Variable Transformers
- 3.8.4 Circuit Isolation and the Isolation Transformer
- 3.8.5 Various Standard and Specialized Transformers
- 3.8.6 Transformer Applications
- 3.9 Fuses and Circuit Breakers
- 3.9.1 Types of Fuses and Circuit Breakers
- CHAPTER 4 Semiconductors
- 4.1 Semiconductor Technology
- 4.1.1 What Is a Semiconductor?
- 4.1.2 Applications of Silicon
- 4.2 Diodes
- 4.2.1 How p-n Junction Diodes Work
- 4.2.2 Diode Water Analogy
- 4.2.3 Kinds of Rectifiers/Diodes
- 4.2.4 Practical Considerations
- 4.2.5 Diode/Rectifier Applications
- 4.2.6 Zener Diodes
- 4.2.7 Zener Diode Applications
- 4.2.8 Varactor Diodes (Variable Capacitance Diodes)
- 4.2.9 PIN Diodes
- 4.2.10 Microwave Diodes (IMPATT, Gunn, Tunnel, etc.)
- 4.2.11 Problems
- 4.3 Transistors
- 4.3.1 Introduction to Transistors
- 4.3.2 Bipolar Transistors
- 4.3.3 Junction Field-Effect Transistors
- 4.3.4 Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field-Effect Transistors
- 4.3.5 Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistors (IGBTs)
- 4.3.6 Unijunction Transistors
- 4.4 Thyristors
- 4.4.1 Introduction
- 4.4.2 Silicon-Controlled Rectifiers
- 4.4.3 Silicon-Controlled Switches
- 4.4.4 Triacs
- 4.4.5 Four-Layer Diodes and Diacs
- 4.5 Transient Voltage Suppressors
- 4.5.1 Lecture on Transients
- 4.5.2 Devices Used to Suppress Transients
- 4.6 Integrated Circuits
- 4.6.1 IC Packages
- CHAPTER 5 Optoelectronics
- 5.1 A Little Lecture on Photons
- 5.2 Lamps
- 5.3 Light-Emitting Diodes
- 5.3.1 How an LED Works
- 5.3.2 Kinds of LEDs
- 5.3.3 More on LEDs
- 5.3.4 LED Applications
- 5.3.5 Laser Diodes
- 5.4 Photoresistors
- 5.4.1 How a Photoresistor Works
- 5.4.2 Technical Stuff
- 5.4.3 Applications
- 5.5 Photodiodes
- 5.5.1 How a Photodiode Works
- 5.5.2 Basic Operations
- 5.5.3 Kinds of Photodiodes
- 5.6 Solar Cells
- 5.6.1 Basic Operations
- 5.7 Phototransistors
- 5.7.1 How a Phototransistor Works
- 5.7.2 Basic Configurations
- 5.7.3 Kinds of Phototransistors
- 5.7.4 Technical Stuff
- 5.7.5 Applications
- 5.8 Photothyristors
- 5.8.1 How LASCRs Work
- 5.8.2 Basic Operation
- 5.9 Optoisolators
- 5.9.1 Integrated Optoisolators
- 5.9.2 Applications
- 5.10 Optical Fiber
- CHAPTER 6 Sensors
- 6.1 General Principles
- 6.1.1 Precision, Accuracy, and Resolution
- 6.1.2 The Observer Effect
- 6.1.3 Calibration
- 6.2 Temperature
- 6.2.1 Thermistors
- 6.2.2 Thermocouples
- 6.2.3 Resistive Temperature Detectors
- 6.2.4 Analog Output Thermometer ICs
- 6.2.5 Digital Thermometer ICs
- 6.2.6 Infrared Thermometers/Pyrometers
- 6.2.7 Summary
- 6.3 Proximity and Touch
- 6.3.1 Touch Screens
- 6.3.2 Ultrasonic Distance
- 6.3.3 Optical Distance
- 6.3.4 Capacitive Sensors
- 6.3.5 Summary
- 6.4 Movement, Force, and Pressure
- 6.4.1 Passive Infrared
- 6.4.2 Acceleration
- 6.4.3 Rotation
- 6.4.4 Flow
- 6.4.5 Force
- 6.4.6 Tilt
- 6.4.7 Vibration and Mechanical Shock
- 6.4.8 Pressure
- 6.5 Chemical
- 6.5.1 Smoke
- 6.5.2 Gas
- 6.5.3 Humidity
- 6.6 Light, Radiation, Magnetism, and Sound
- 6.6.1 Light
- 6.6.2 Ionizing Radiation
- 6.6.3 Magnetic Fields
- 6.6.4 Sound
- 6.7 GPS
- CHAPTER 7 Hands-on Electronics
- 7.1 Safety
- 7.1.1 Lecture on Safety
- 7.1.2 Damaging Components with Electrostatic Discharge
- 7.1.3 Component Handling Precautions
- 7.2 Constructing Circuits
- 7.2.1 Drawing a Circuit Schematic
- 7.2.2 A Note on Circuit Simulator Programs
- 7.2.3 Making a Prototype of Your Circuit
- 7.2.4 The Final Circuit
- 7.2.5 Making a PCB
- 7.2.6 Special Pieces of Hardware Used in Circuit Construction
- 7.2.7 Soldering
- 7.2.8 Desoldering
- 7.2.9 Enclosing the Circuit
- 7.2.10 Useful Items to Keep Handy
- 7.2.11 Troubleshooting the Circuits You Build
- 7.3 Multimeters
- 7.3.1 Basic Operation
- 7.3.2 How Analog VOMs Work
- 7.3.3 How Digital Multimeters Work
- 7.3.4 A Note on Measurement Errors
- 7.4 Oscilloscopes
- 7.4.1 How Scopes Work
- 7.4.2 Interior Circuitry of a Scope
- 7.4.3 Aiming the Beam
- 7.4.4 Scope Usage
- 7.4.5 What All the Little Knobs and Switches Do
- 7.4.6 Measuring Things with Scopes
- 7.4.7 Scope Applications
- 7.4.8 Measuring Impedances
- 7.5 The Electronics Laboratory
- 7.5.1 Work Area
- 7.5.2 Test Equipment
- 7.5.3 Multimeters
- 7.5.4 DC Power Supplies
- 7.5.5 Oscilloscope
- 7.5.6 Oscilloscope Probes
- 7.5.7 General-Purpose Function Generator
- 7.5.8 Frequency Counter
- 7.5.9 Computer
- 7.5.10 Miscellaneous Test Equipment
- 7.5.11 Multifunction PC Instruments
- 7.5.12 Isolation Transformers
- 7.5.13 Variable Transformers, or Variacs
- 7.5.14 Substitution Boxes
- 7.5.15 Test Cables, Connectors, and Adapters
- 7.5.16 Soldering Equipment
- 7.5.17 Prototyping Boards
- 7.5.18 Hand Tools
- 7.5.19 Wires, Cables, Hardware, and Chemicals
- 7.5.20 Electronics Catalogs
- 7.5.21 Recommended Electronics Parts
- 7.5.22 Electronic CAD Programs
- 7.5.23 Building Your Own Workbench
- CHAPTER 8 Operational Amplifiers
- 8.1 Operational Amplifier Water Analogy
- 8.2 How Op Amps Work (The "Cop-Out" Explanation)
- 8.3 Theory
- 8.4 Negative Feedback
- 8.5 Positive Feedback
- 8.6 Real Kinds of Op Amps
- 8.7 Op Amp Specifications
- 8.8 Powering Op Amps
- 8.9 Some Practical Notes
- 8.10 Voltage and Current Offset Compensation
- 8.11 Frequency Compensation
- 8.12 Comparators
- 8.13 Comparators with Hysteresis
- 8.13.1 Inverting Comparator with Hysteresis
- 8.13.2 Noninverting Comparator with Hysteresis
- 8.14 Using Single-Supply Comparators
- 8.15 Window Comparator
- 8.16 Voltage-Level Indicator
- 8.17 Instrumentation Amplifiers
- 8.18 Applications
- CHAPTER 9 Filters
- 9.1 Things to Know Before You Start Designing Filters
- 9.2 Basic Filters
- 9.3 Passive Low-Pass Filter Design
- 9.4 A Note on Filter Types
- 9.5 Passive High-Pass Filter Design
- 9.6 Passive Bandpass Filter Design
- 9.7 Passive Notch Filter Design
- 9.8 Active Filter Design
- 9.8.1 Active Low-Pass Filter Example
- 9.8.2 Active High-Pass Filter Example
- 9.8.3 Active Bandpass Filters
- 9.8.4 Active Notch Filters
- 9.9 Integrated Filter Circuits
- CHAPTER 10 Oscillators and Timers
- 10.1 RC Relaxation Oscillators
- 10.2 The 555 Timer IC
- 10.2.1 How a 555 Works (Astable Operation)
- 10.2.2 Basic Astable Operation
- 10.2.3 How a 555 Works (Monostable Operation)
- 10.2.4 Basic Monostable Operation
- 10.2.5 Some Important Notes about 555 Timers
- 10.2.6 Simple 555 Applications
- 10.3 Voltage-Controlled Oscillators
- 10.4 Wien-Bridge and Twin-T Oscillators
- 10.5 LC Oscillators (Sinusoidal Oscillators)
- 10.6 Crystal Oscillators
- 10.7 Microcontroller Oscillators
- CHAPTER 11 Voltage Regulators and Power Supplies
- 11.1 Voltage-Regulator ICs
- 11.1.1 Fixed-Regulator ICs
- 11.1.2 Adjustable-Regulator ICs
- 11.1.3 Regulator Specifications
- 11.2 A Quick Look at a Few Regulator Applications
- 11.3 The Transformer
- 11.4 Rectifier Packages
- 11.5 A Few Simple Power Supplies
- 11.6 Technical Points about Ripple Reduction
- 11.7 Loose Ends
- 11.8 Switching Regulator Supplies (Switchers)
- 11.9 Switch-Mode Power Supplies (SMPS)
- 11.10 Kinds of Commercial Power Supply Packages
- 11.11 Power Supply Construction
- CHAPTER 12 Digital Electronics
- 12.1 The Basics of Digital Electronics
- 12.1.1 Digital Logic States
- 12.1.2 Number Codes Used in Digital Electronics
- 12.1.3 Clock Timing and Parallel versus Serial Transmission
- 12.2 Logic Gates
- 12.2.1 Multiple-Input Logic Gates
- 12.2.2 Digital Logic Gate ICs
- 12.2.3 Applications for a Single Logic Gate
- 12.2.4 Combinational Logic
- 12.2.5 Keeping Circuits Simple (Karnaugh Maps)
- 12.3 Combinational Devices
- 12.3.1 Multiplexers (Data Selectors) and Bilateral Switches
- 12.3.2 Demultiplexers (Data Distributors) and Decoders
- 12.3.3 Encoders and Code Converters
- 12.3.4 Binary Adders
- 12.3.5 Binary Adder/Subtractor
- 12.3.6 Comparators and Magnitude Comparator ICs
- 12.3.7 A Note on Obsolescence and the Trend Toward Microcontroller Control
- 12.4 Logic Families
- 12.4.1 CMOS Family of ICs
- 12.4.2 I/O Voltages and Noise Margins
- 12.4.3 Current Ratings, Fanout, and Propagation Delays
- 12.5 Powering and Testing Logic ICs
- 12.5.1 Power Supply Decoupling
- 12.5.2 Unused Inputs
- 12.5.3 Logic Probes and Logic Pulsers
- 12.6 Sequential Logic
- 12.6.1 SR Flip-Flops
- 12.6.2 SR Flip-Flop ICs
- 12.6.3 D-Type Flip-Flops
- 12.6.4 Quad and Octal D Flip-Flops
- 12.6.5 JK Flip-Flops
- 12.6.6 Practical Timing Considerations with Flip-Flops
- 12.6.7 Digital Clock Generators and Single-Pulse Generators
- 12.6.8 Automatic Power-Up Clear (Reset) Circuits
- 12.6.9 Pullup and Pulldown Resistors
- 12.7 Counter ICs
- 12.7.1 Asynchronous Counter (Ripple Counter) ICs
- 12.7.2 Synchronous Counter ICs
- 12.7.3 A Note on Counters with Displays
- 12.8 Shift Registers
- 12.8.1 Serial-In/Serial-Out Shift Registers
- 12.8.2 Serial-In/Parallel-Out Shift Registers
- 12.8.3 Parallel-In/Serial-Out Shift Registers
- 12.8.4 Ring Counter (Shift Register Sequencer)
- 12.8.5 Johnson Shift Counter
- 12.8.6 Shift Register ICs
- 12.8.7 Simple Shift Register Applications
- 12.9 Analog/Digital Interfacing
- 12.9.1 Triggering Simple Logic Responses from Analog Signals
- 12.9.2 Using Logic to Drive External Loads
- 12.9.3 Analog Switches
- 12.9.4 Analog Multiplexer/Demultiplexer
- 12.9.5 Analog-to-Digital and Digital-to-Analog Conversion
- 12.9.6 Analog-to-Digital Converters
- 12.10 Displays
- 12.10.1 LED Displays
- 12.10.2 Liquid-Crystal Displays
- 12.11 Memory Devices
- 12.11.1 Read-Only Memory
- 12.11.2 Simple ROM Made Using Diodes
- 12.11.3 Memory Size and Organization
- 12.11.4 Simple Programmable ROM
- 12.11.5 ROM Devices
- 12.11.6 RAM
- CHAPTER 13 Microcontrollers
- 13.1 Basic Structure of a Microcontroller
- 13.2 Example Microcontrollers
- 13.2.1 The ATtiny85 Microcontroller
- 13.2.2 The PIC16Cx Microcontrollers
- 13.2.3 32-Bit Microcontrollers
- 13.2.4 Digital Signal Processing
- 13.3 Evaluation/Development Boards
- 13.4 Arduino
- 13.4.1 A Tour of Arduino
- 13.4.2 The Arduino IDE
- 13.4.3 Arduino Board Models
- 13.4.4 Shields
- 13.4.5 The Arduino C Library
- 13.4.6 Arduino Example Project
- 13.4.7 Taking the Arduino Offboard
- 13.5 Interfacing with Microcontrollers
- 13.5.1 Switches
- 13.5.2 Analog Inputs
- 13.5.3 High-Power Digital Outputs
- 13.5.4 Sound Interfaces
- 13.5.5 Serial Interfaces
- 13.5.6 Level Conversion
- 13.5.7 LED Display Interfaces
- CHAPTER 14 Programmable Logic
- 14.1 Programmable Logic
- 14.2 FPGAs
- 14.3 ISE and the Elbert V2
- 14.3.1 Installing ISE
- 14.4 The Elbert 2 Board
- 14.4.1 Installing the Elbert Software
- 14.5 Downloads
- 14.6 Drawing Your FPGA Logic Design
- 14.6.1 Example 1: A Data Selector
- 14.6.2 Example 2: A 4-bit Ripple Counter
- 14.7 Verilog
- 14.7.1 Modules
- 14.7.2 Wires, Registers, and Busses
- 14.7.3 Parallel Execution
- 14.7.4 Number Format
- 14.8 Describing Your FPGA Design in Verilog
- 14.8.1 A Data Selector in Verilog
- 14.8.2 A Ripple Counter in Verilog
- 14.9 Modular Design
- 14.9.1 Counter/Decoder Example
- 14.9.2 Multiplexed 7-Segment Counter Example
- 14.9.3 Parameterized Modules
- 14.10 Simulation
- 14.11 VHDL
- CHAPTER 15 Motors
- 15.1 DC Continuous Motors
- 15.2 Speed Control of DC Motors
- 15.3 Directional Control of DC Motors
- 15.4 RC Servos
- 15.5 Stepper Motors
- 15.6 Kinds of Stepper Motors
- 15.7 Driving Stepper Motors
- 15.8 Controlling the Driver with a Translator
- 15.9 A Final Word on Identifying Stepper Motors
- CHAPTER 16 Audio Electronics
- 16.1 A Little Lecture on Sound
- 16.2 Microphones
- 16.3 Microphone Specifications
- 16.4 Audio Amplifiers
- 16.4.1 Inverting Amplifier
- 16.4.2 Noninverting Amplifier
- 16.4.3 Digital Amplifiers
- 16.4.4 Reducing Hum in Audio Amplifiers
- 16.5 Preamplifiers
- 16.6 Mixer Circuits
- 16.7 A Note on Impedance Matching
- 16.8 Speakers
- 16.9 Crossover Networks
- 16.10 Simple ICs Used to Drive Speakers
- 16.11 Audible-Signal Devices
- 16.12 Miscellaneous Audio Circuits
- CHAPTER 17 Modular Electronics
- 17.1 There's an IC for It
- 17.2 Breakout Boards and Modules
- 17.2.1 Radio Frequency Modules
- 17.2.2 Audio Modules
- 17.3 Plug-and-Play Prototyping
- 17.4 Open Source Hardware
- APPENDIX A Power Distribution and Home Wiring
- A.1 Power Distribution
- A.2 A Closer Look at Three-Phase Electricity
- A.3 Home Wiring
- A.4 Electricity in Other Countries
- APPENDIX B Error Analysis
- B.1 Absolute Error, Relative Error, and Percent Error
- B.2 Uncertainty Estimates
- APPENDIX C Useful Facts and Formulas
- C.1 Greek Alphabet
- C.2 Powers of 10 Unit Prefixes
- C.3 Linear Functions (y = mx + b)
- C.4 Quadratic Equation (y = ax2 + bx + c)
- C.5 Exponents and Logarithms
- C.6 Trigonometry
- C.7 Complex Numbers
- C.8 Differential Calculus
- C.9 Integral Calculus
- Index
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