
Philosophy of Technology
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"The second edition of Philosophy of Technology isa must-read for everyone trying to sort out how societies,technologies, politics, and nature come together, tacitly or not,in the constitution of human knowledge." -- Jan Kyrre Berg Friis, University of Copenhagen "This is an excellent selection of primary sources,essential to understanding technology and the conceptual debatesabout it. The editors are to be congratulatedfor their sensible choices and judiciousintroductions." --Luciano Floridi, University of OxfordMore details
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Content
Source Acknowledgments ix
Introduction to the Second Edition xiii
Part I The Historical Background 1
Introduction 3
1 On Dialectic and "Techne¯" 9
Plato
2 On "Techne¯" and "Episte¯me¯" 19
Aristotle
3 The Greek Concepts of "Nature" and "Technique" 25
Wolfgang Schadewaldt
4 On the Idols, the Scientific Study of Nature, and the Reformation of Education 33
Francis Bacon
5 Idea for a Universal History from a Cosmopolitan Point of View 47
Immanuel Kant
6 The Nature and Importance of the Positive Philosophy 54
Auguste Comte
7 On the Sciences and Arts 68
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
8 Capitalism and the Modern Labor Process 74
Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels
Part II Philosophy, Modern Science, and Technology 89
Positivist and Postpositivist Philosophies of Science 91
9 The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle 101
Rudolf Carnap, Hans Hahn, and Otto Neurath
10 Paradigms and Anomalies in Science 111
Thomas Kuhn
11 Experimentation and Scientific Realism 121
Ian Hacking
12 Hermeneutical Philosophy and Pragmatism: A Philosophy of Science 131
Patrick A. Heelan and Jay Schulkin
13 What are Cultural Studies of Science? 147
Joseph Rouse
14 Revaluing Science: Starting from the Practices of Women 161
Nancy Tuana
15 Is Science Multicultural? 171
Sandra Harding
16 On Knowledge and the Diversity of Cultures: Comment on Harding 183
Shigehisa Kuriyama
The Task of a Philosophy of Technology 187
17 Philosophical Inputs and Outputs of Technology 191
Mario Bunge
18 Analytic Philosophy of Technology 201
Maarten Franssen
19 On the Aims of a Philosophy of Technology 205
Jacques Ellul
20 Toward a Philosophy of Technology 210
Hans Jonas
21 The Technology Question in Feminism: A View from Feminist Technology Studies 224
Wendy Faulkner
Part III Defining Technology 239
Introduction 241
22 Conflicting Visions of Technology 249
Mary Tiles and Hans Oberdiek
23 The Mangle of Practice 260
Andrew Pickering
24 The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts 266
Trevor J. Pinch and Wiebe E. Bijker
25 Actor-Network Theory (ANT) 278
Bruno Latour
26 Actor-Network Theory: Critical Considerations 289
Sergio Sismondo
Part IV Heidegger on Technology 297
Introduction 299
27 The Question Concerning Technology 305
Martin Heidegger
28 On Philosophy's "Ending" in Technoscience: Heidegger vs. Comte 318
Robert C. Scharff
29 Focal Things and Practices 329
Albert Borgmann
30 Heidegger and Borgmann on How to Affirm Technology 350
Hubert L. Dreyfus and Charles Spinosa
31 Philosophy of Technology at the Crossroads: Critique of Heidegger and Borgmann 362
Andrew Feenberg
Part V Technology and Human Ends 375
Human Beings as "Makers" or "Tool-Users"? 377
32 Tool Users vs. Homo Sapiens and the Megamachine 381
Lewis Mumford
33 The "Vita Activa" and the Modern Age 389
Hannah Arendt
34 Putting Pragmatism (especially Dewey's) to Work 406
Larry Hickman
35 Buddhist Economics 421
E. F. Schumacher
Is Technology Autonomous? 426
36 The "Autonomy" of the Technological Phenomenon 430
Jacques Ellul
37 Do Machines Make History? 442
Robert L. Heilbroner
38 The New Forms of Control 449
Herbert Marcuse
39 Technological Determinism Is Dead; Long Live Technological Determinism 456
Sally Wyatt
Technology, Ecology, and the Conquest of Nature 467
40 Mining the Earth's Womb 471
Carolyn Merchant
41 The Deep Ecology Movement 482
Bill Devall
42 Deeper than Deep Ecology: The Eco-Feminist Connection 491
Ariel Salleh
43 In Defense of Posthuman Dignity 495
Nick Bostrom
Part VI Technology as Social Practice 503
Technology and the Lifeworld 505
44 Cultural Climates and Technological Advance in the Middle Ages 511
Lynn White, Jr.
45 Three Ways of Being-With Technology 523
Carl Mitcham
46 A Phenomenology of Technics 539
Don Ihde
47 Postphenomenology of Technology 561
Peter-Paul Verbeek
48 Technoscience Studies after Heidegger? Not Yet 573
Robert C. Scharff
Technology and Cyberspace 582
49 Consciousness in Human and Robot Minds 588
Daniel C. Dennett
50 Why Heideggerian AI Failed and How Fixing It Would Require Making It More Heideggerian 597
Hubert L. Dreyfus
51 A Cyborg Manifesto: Science, Technology, and Socialist Feminism in the Late Twentieth Century 610
Donna Haraway
52 A Moratorium on Cyborgs: Computation, Cognition, and Commerce 631
Evan Selinger and Timothy Engström
53 Anonymity versus Commitment: The Dangers of Education on the Internet 641
Hubert L. Dreyfus
Technology, Knowledge, and Power 648
54 Panopticism 654
Michel Foucault
55 Do Artifacts Have Politics? 668
Langdon Winner
56 The Social Impact of Technological Change 680
Emmanuel G. Mesthene
57 Technology: The Opiate of the Intellectuals, with the Author's 2000 Retrospective 693
John McDermott
58 Democratic Rationalization: Technology, Power, and Freedom 706
Andrew Feenberg
Source Acknowledgments
The editors and publisher gratefully acknowledge the permission granted to reproduce the copyright material in this book:
1. Selections from Plato, Republic, VIII, trans. G.M.A. Grube and C.D.C. Reeve (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1992), pp. 186–206, 210–12. Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company Inc. 2. Selections from Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, VI, trans. Terence Irwin (Indianapolis: Hackett, 1985), pp. 151–159. Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company Inc., and from Metaphysics I, 1, trans. W.D. Ross, in The Basic Works of Aristotle, ed. Richard McKeon (New York: Random House, 1941), pp. 689–693. Copyright © Oxford University Press. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University Press. 3. Wolfgang Schadewaldt, “The Concepts of ‘Nature’ and ‘Technique’ according to the Greeks,” trans. William Carroll, in Research in Philosophy and Technology 2, ed. Carl Mitcham and Robert Mackey (1979), pp. 159–171. Reprinted by kind permission of the author. 4. Francis Bacon, “Thoughts and Conclusions on the Interpretation of Nature as a Science Productive of Works,” trans. B. Farrington in The Philosophy of Francis Bacon (Liverpool: Liverpool University Press, 1964), pp. 90–96 abridged; reprinted by permission of Liverpool University Press. “The Plan of the Work 6” and “Aphorisms Concerning the Interpretation of Nature and the Kingdom of Man,” from Novum Organum, trans. and ed. Peter Urbach and John Gibson (Chicago and LaSalle: Open Court Publishing, 1994), pp. 29, 43, 53–56, 202; © 1994, reprinted by permission of Open Court Publishing Company, a division of Carus Publishing Company, Chicago, IL. “On the Idols and on the Scientific Study of Nature,” from The New Atlantis, ed. Jerry Weinberge (Wheeling, IL: Harlan Davidson, Inc., rev. edn. 1989), pp. 71–74, 77, 79–83 abridged; copyright ©1980, 1989, reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, USA. “Sphinx; or Science” and “On the Reformation of Education” from “Translation of the ‘De Augmentis’,” in The Works of Francis Bacon, ed. J. Spedding, R.L. Ellis, and D.D. Heath (London: Longman, 1980), pp. 159–162 and 284–291, abridged. 5. From Immanuel Kant, On History, ed. and introd. L.W. Beck, trans. L.W. Beck, R.E. Anchor, and E.L. Fackenhelm (Indianapolis and New York: Bobbs-Merrill, Inc. 1957), pp. 11–26. Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company, Inc. All rights reserved. 6. Auguste Comte, “Lesson One,” in Cours de philosophie positive, from Introduction to Positive Philosophy, ed. and trans. Frederick Ferré (Indianapolis and Cambridge, MA: Hackett, 1988), pp. 1–33. Reprinted by permission of Hackett Publishing Company Inc. All rights reserved. 7. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, “Final Reply,” from Discourse on the Sciences and Arts, in Collected Writings of Jean-Jacques Rousseau, vol. 1, ed. Roger D. Masters and Christopher Kelly (Hanover, NH and London: University Press of New England, 1992), pp. 110–116. © University Press of New England, Lebanon, NH. Reprinted by permission. 8. Extracts from “The Labour-Process and the Process of Producing Surplus Value,” chapter VII in Karl Marx, Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, ed. Frederick Engels (New York: International Publishers, 1967), pp. 173–177; reprinted by permission of International Publishers, New York. Extracts from Karl Marx, A Contribution to the Critique of Political Economy (New York: International Publishers, 1970), pp. 20–22; reprinted by permission of International Publishers, New York. Extracts from “Materialist Method” in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The German Ideology, ed. C.J. Arthur (New York: International Publishers), abridged from pp. 42–43, 46–49; reprinted by permission of International Publishers, New York. Friedrich Engels, “The Part Played by Labour in the Transition from Ape to Man,” from Dialectics of Nature, 2nd edn., trans. Clemens Dutt (Moscow: Progress Publishers, 1954), pp. 170–183. “On Authority,” in Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, Basic Writings on Politics and Philosophy, ed. Lewis S. Feuer (Garden City, NY: The Doubleday Broadway Publishing Group, 1959), pp. 481–485; reprinted with kind permission of Robin Feuer Miller. 9. Rudolf Carnap, Hans Hahn, and Otto Neurath, “The Scientific Conception of the World: The Vienna Circle,” in Otto Neurath, Empiricism and Sociology, ed. M. Neurath and R. Cohen (1929/1973), pp. 299–318, abridged. Reprinted by permission of Springer. 10. Thomas Kuhn, “The Priority of Paradigms” and “Anomaly and the Emergence of Scientific Discoveries,” in The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edn. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1970), pp. 43–65 (chs. 5 and 6). Reprinted by permission of University of Chicago Press. 11. Ian Hacking, “Experimentation and Scientific Realism,” from Philosophical Topics, 13 (1982), pp. 154–172. Copyright © by the Board of Trustees of the University of Arkansas. Reprinted with the permission of The Permissions Company Inc., on behalf of the University of Arkansas Press, www.uapress.com. 12. Patrick A. Heelan and Jay Schulkin, “Hermeneutical Philosophy and Pragmatism: A Philosophy of Science,” from Synthese, 115 (1998), pp. 269–302, omitting some references. Reprinted by permission of Springer. 13. Joseph Rouse, “What Are Cultural Studies of Science?,” from Engaging Science: How to Understand Its Practices Philosophically (Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1996), pp. 237–259 (selections). Reprinted by permission of Cornell University Press. 14. Nancy Tuana, “Revaluing Science: Starting from the Practices of Women,” from Feminism, Science, and the Philosophy of Science, ed. L.H. Nelson and J. Nelson (Berlin: Springer, 1996), pp. 17–35. Reprinted by permission of Springer. 15. Sandra Harding, “Is Science Multicultural?,” from Configurations, 2/2 (1994), pp. 301–330. © 1994 The Johns Hopkins University Press and the Society for Literature and Science. Reprinted by permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press. 16. Shigehisa Kuriyama, “On Knowledge and the Diversity of Cultures: Comment on Harding,” Configurations, 2/2 (1994), pp. 337–342. © 1994 The Johns Hopkins University Press and the Society for Literature and Science. Reprinted by permission of The Johns Hopkins University Press. 17. Mario Bunge, “Philosophical Inputs and Outputs of Technology,” from The History of Philosophy and Technology, ed. George Bugliarello and Dean B. Doner (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1979), pp. 262–281, abridged. Reprinted by kind permission of Ms. Virginia Bugliarello. 18. Maarten Franssen, “Analytic Philosophy of Technology,” from A Companion to the Philosophy of Technology, ed. Jan Kyrre Berg Olsen et al. (Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell, 2009), pp. 184–188. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons Ltd. 19. Jacques Ellul, “On the Aims of a Philosophy of Technology,” from The Technological Society (1954/64), trans. John Wilkinson (New York: Knopf; London: Jonathan Cape). Translation copyright © 1964 by Alfred A. Knopf, a division of Random House Inc. Reprinted by permission of Random House UK, and Random House, Inc. 20. Hans Jonas, “Toward a Philosophy of Technology,” Hastings Center Report 9/1 (1979). Copyright © The Hastings Center. Reprinted by permission of John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 21. Wendy Faulkner, “The Technology Question in Feminism,” from Women’s Studies International Forum, 24/1 (2001), pp. 79–95. Copyright © 2001 Elsevier Science Ltd. 22. Mary Tiles and Hans Oberdiek, “Conflicting Visions of Technology,” in Living in a Technological Culture (London: Routledge, 1995), pp. 12–31. Reprinted by permission of Taylor & Francis Books. 23. Andrew Pickering, “The Mangle of Practice,” from Rethinking Objectivity:Contemporary Interventions, ed. Allan Megill (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 1994), pp. 109–125. 24. Trevor Pinch and Wiebe Bijker, “The Social Construction of Facts and Artifacts,” from The Social Construction of Technological Systems: New Directions in the Sociology and History of Technology, ed. Wiebe E. Bijker, Thomas P. Hughes, and Trevor Pinch (Cambridge, MA: Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 1987), pp. 17–22, 24–28, 46–50. © 1987 Massachusetts Institute of Technology, reproduced by permission of the MIT Press. 25. Bruno Latour, “Actor-Network Theory,” from “Introduction: How to Resume the Task of Tracing Associations,” in Reassembling the Social: An Introduction to Actor Network Theory (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2005), pp. 5–25. Reprinted by permission of Oxford University...System requirements
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