Energy Conversion Systems: An Overview
Published on 26. January 2021
372 pages
978-1-5361-9200-1 (ISBN)
Description
This edited book is intended to serve as a resource for engineers, scientists and specialists engaged in becoming familiarized with green energy conversion for a clean atmosphere with an adaption of 'more-renewable' for power generation. The book is comprised of nine original chapters dealing with state-of-the-design exercises on power conversion/storage technologies. It highlights the critical features of energy technology for green engineering for the future. This edited volume is an extensive collection of state-of-the-art studies on the subject.
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02/2021
Nova Science Publishers Inc
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Foreword
- Preface
- Acknowledgments
- Chapter 1
- Converter Technologies for PV Systems: A Comprehensive Review
- Abstract
- Photovoltaic Modules
- PV Model and Equations
- PV Curves
- Partial Shading
- Standards and Requirements for PV Systems
- General Structure of PV Systems
- Block Diagram of a PV System
- Basic Control Functions in PV Systems
- Multifunctional PV Systems
- Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
- Grid Synchronization
- Protection
- Classification of PV Structures
- Leakage Current in PV Systems
- Common-Mode (CM) Resonant Circuit and Leakage Current Issues
- AC-Module Inverters
- String/Multi-String PV Inverters
- Central PV Inverters
- Commercial PV Inverters
- Output Filters in PV Inverters
- Recent Advances on Grid-Connected PV Inverters
- Advances in DC-AC Converters for PV Systems
- Advances in DC-DC Converters for PV Systems
- Advances in Power Semiconductors for PV Systems
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 2
- Control Structures of Grid-Tied Photovoltaic Systems
- Abstract
- Introduction
- PV Panels
- General Structure of PV Systems
- Basic Control Functions in PV Systems
- General Control Configuration of PV Systems
- Outer Control Loop
- Inner Control Loop
- Commonly Employed Periodic Controllers
- Resonant Controllers
- Repetitive Controllers
- Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT)
- Inner-Loop Control for Input Voltage of a Boost Converter
- Grid Synchronization
- Smart/Multifunctional PV Inverters
- Flexible Power Controllability
- Reactive Power Control
- Frequency Regulation
- Harmonic Compensation
- Fault-Ride-Through (FRT) Capability
- Reactive Power Injection
- Reactive Power Injection Strategies for Single-phase PV Systems
- Constant Average Active Power Control (Const.-P)
- Constant Active Current Control (Const.-Id)
- Constant Peak Current Control (Const.-Igmax)
- Current Reference Generation for Three-phase PV Systems
- Instantaneous Active-Reactive Control (IARC)
- Positive- and Negative-Sequence Control (PNSC)
- Average Active-Reactive Control (AARC)
- Balanced Positive-Sequence Control (BPSC)
- Performance Comparison of the IARC, PNSC, AARC and BPSC Strategies
- Flexible Active Power Control of PV Systems
- Some Issues Regarding Grid-Integration of PV Systems
- Grid Overvoltage during PV Peak-Power Generation Period
- Grid Voltage Fluctuation Because of Intermittency of PV Energy
- Limited-Frequency Regulation Capability
- Possible Solutions for Flexible Power Control of PV Systems
- Integrating Energy Storage Systems
- Installing Flexible Loads
- Modifying the Control Algorithm of Power Converters
- Flexible Active Power Control Methods
- Power Limiting Control (PLC)
- Power Reserve Control (PRC)
- Power Reserve Control under Partial Shading Conditions
- Power Ramp-Rate Control (PRRC)
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 3
- Development and Performance Analysis of Solar Tracking PV Systems
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Solar Tracking System
- Mechanical Design
- Determination of Tilt Angle ? of Solar Panel
- Mechanical Design of Tilted Single Axis Tracker
- Mechanical Design of Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker
- Electrical Design
- Tracking Controller Circuit
- Components used
- Determination of Tilt Angle of LDR Sensor
- Working of Tilted Single Axis Tracker
- Working of Azimuth-Altitude Dual Axis Tracker
- Performance Measurements
- Torque Measurement
- Power Calculations
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgments
- References
- Chapter 4
- Hybrid PV-Wind Energy Conversion System
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Hybrid Energy Systems
- Classification of Hybrid Systems
- Operating Regime
- Hybrid System Content
- Principal Compounds of Hybrid System
- Hybrid Energy system: Principle of Operation
- Photovoltaic System
- Photovoltaic Generator Modeling
- Influence of the Parallel/Serial Connection on I(V) and P(V) Characteristics
- Influence of Irradiation
- Influence of Temperature
- Influence of the Series/Parallel Resistance on the Characteristic I(V), P(V)
- Wind Turbine Modeling
- Law and Limit of Betz
- Mechanical Energy Production
- Model of Multiplier
- Main Shaft Model
- Storage of Energy
- Battery Modeling
- Model Description
- Capacity Model
- Model of Losses as a Gasification Current
- State of Charge Model (SOC)
- Voltage Model
- Battery in Charge , - .&0
- Battery in Discharge , - .&0
- DC-Bus Modeling
- Methods of Sizing the PV-Wind Hybrid System
- The Yearly Monthly Overage Sizing Method
- The Most Unfavorable Month Method
- Loss of Power Supply Probability (LPSP) Method
- Cost of the System
- Determination of the Optimal Torque (Npv, Nb) without Wind Power
- Determination of the Optimal Torque (Npv, Nb) with Presence of the Wind Power
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 5
- A Review on Wind Farm Reliability with Hybrid Cable Connection
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Hybrid Connection of Cables
- Analysis on Different Models of Wind Farms
- Jason Wake Model
- Cost Model
- Energy Yields Model
- Cable Structure and Wind Farms
- Regular Wind Farms
- Irregular Wind Farms
- Modelling Approach
- Modeling of WTs
- Theory for the Wind Profile
- Optimum Sizing of Electrical Cables
- Static Rated Sizing
- Dynamic Load Cycle Profile
- Dynamic Full Time Series
- Network Optimisation Analysis
- Economic Optimization
- Levelized Production Cost (LPC)
- Minimum Spanning Tree (MST)
- Reliability Analysis of Wind Farm
- Cable Reliability
- Subsea Cables and Prediction of Damage and Life Expectancy
- Estimating Cable Sliding Distance
- Estimating Cable Sourcing Depth
- Wear Rate Estimation
- Abrasion Wear Rate
- Corrosion Wear Rate
- Estimating Cable Life Time
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 6
- Hydrogen Fuel Cells: A Comprehensive Insight
- Abstract
- Introduction
- History
- Fundamentals of FC
- At Hydrogen Electrode (or Anode)
- At Oxygen Electrode (or Cathode)
- In Electrolytic Medium
- Types of Fuel Cells
- Polymer Electrolyte Membrane (PEM) FCs
- Alkaline FCs
- Phosphoric Acid (PA) FCs
- Molten Carbonate (MC) FCs
- Solid Oxide (SO) FCs
- Direct Methanol (DM) FCs
- Reversible FCs (RFCs)
- Summary of FCs
- Applications
- ALSTOM's CoradiaiLint
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 7
- Energy Storage Systems: A Comprehensive Review
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Types of Energy Storage Systems
- Flywheel Energy Storage (FES) Systems
- Advantages/Disadvantages of Electrical Machine Employed in FES System
- Applications of FES System
- Compressed-Air Energy Storage Systems (CAES)
- Various CAES Technologies
- Applications of CAES
- Battery Energy Storage (BES) Systems
- Different BES Technologies
- Some Other Types of BESS
- Flow Battery Energy Storage (FBES) System
- Super-Capacitors Energy Storage
- Hydrogen Energy Storage (HES)
- Thermal Energy Storage (TES) System
- Pumped Hydroelectric Storage (PHS) Systems
- Superconducting Magnetic Energy Storage (SMES)
- Hot Stone Energy Storage System
- Applications of Energy Storage Systems (ESS)
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 8
- Introduction to Hydroelectric Power Generation
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Hydroelectric Power Generation
- Overview of a Hydropower Plant
- Major Components
- Dam and Reservoir
- Intake
- Penstock
- Turbine
- Generator
- Transformer
- Draft Tube
- Surge Tank
- Hydroelectric Power Equation
- Hydroelectric Power Potential
- Theoretical Potential
- Technical Potential
- Economical Potential
- Types of Hydraulic Turbines
- Determination of the Number of Units
- Operating Principle
- Types of Hydropower Plants
- Types based on Technological Aspects
- Storage Hydropower
- Run-of-River Schemes
- Pumped Storage Plant
- Types Based on Head
- Types Based on Capacity
- Types Based on Purpose
- Types Based on Hydrological Aspects
- Advantages and Disadvantages of Hydropower Scheme
- Advantages
- Disadvantages
- Hydroelectric Power Generation
- Hydroelectric Energy Generation
- Hydroelectric Power Capacity
- Conclusion
- References
- Chapter 9
- Energy from Waste: A Case Study of the Energy Production Estimative from Biogas at the Sewage Treatment Plant in Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Energy from Waste
- Methodology to Estimate the Energy Produced by Sewage Effluent
- How to Measure the Biogas Production
- Estimation of Daily Energy Production
- The Case Study: The Energy Production in the STS
- Scenario #1 - A Local Supply in the STS
- Scenario #2 - A Global Supply in the Itajubá SSS
- Conclusion
- Acknowledgment
- References
- List of Reviewers
- About the Editors
- Index
- Blank Page
- Blank Page
