Wear of Metals
International Series in Materials Science and Technology
Published on 22. October 2013
180 pages
978-1-4831-4010-0 (ISBN)
Description
Wear of Metals deals with the mechanisms underlying the wear of metals such as brass, cast iron, and aluminum-silicon alloys. Topics covered include surface topography, contact of solids, and friction, along with the effect of sliding and rolling resistance. Fretting, wear under rolling contact, and the friction and wear of polymers are also discussed. Comprised of 27 chapters, this volume begins with an overview of adhesion, types of wear, and friction and wear experiments. The following chapters explore surface topography and the contact (single and multiple) of solids; molecular theory of friction and wear; running-in wear and abrasive wear; and surface contaminants. An oxidational hypothesis of wear is then presented, and the phenomenology of metal transfer involving steel on brass and steel on steel is described. The remaining chapters consider sliding in surfaces and subsurfaces; the effect of temperature and speed on friction and wear; the role of solubility and crystal structure in friction and wear; and wear of brass. The two principal effects associated with rolling, namely, the slip or creep and energy loss, are also examined. Examples of tribological components are given. This book should be of value to undergraduates and research workers in the fields of metallurgy and engineering.
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Content
Preface1. Introduction 1.1. Adhesion 1.1.1. Contact Resistance 1.2. Contaminants 1.3. Types of Wear 1.3.1. Adhesive Wear 1.3.2. Abrasive Wear 1.3.3. Other Forms of Wear 1.4. Friction and Wear Experiments 1.5. Metallurgical Examination 1.6. Application of Wear Results2. Surface Topography 2.1. Asperities 2.2. Measurement of Waviness 2.3. Asperity Angle 2.4. Measure of Roughness 2.5. Fullness or Emptiness 2.6. Abbot's Bearing Curve3. Contact of Solids 3.1. Single Contact 3.1.1. General Case 3.2. Multiple Contact 3.3. An Idealized Rough Surface 3.4. A Realistic Rough Surface 3.4.1. Exponential Distribution 3.5. Plastic Contact 3.6. Effect of Work Hardening4. Friction 4.1. Area of Contact 4.2. Adhesion of Junctions 4.3. Mechanism of Friction 4.4. Amontons' Laws5. Effect of Sliding 5.1. Junction Growth 5.1.1. Equation for Junction Growth 5.2. Work of Adhesion 5.3. Kinetic Friction 5.4. Stick-Slip 5.5. Thermal Effect 5.6. Oxide Film 5.7. Sliding Between Brittle Surfaces 5.8. Effect of Contaminants on Friction6. Molecular Theory of Friction and Wear 6.1. Dry Friction 6.2. Wear7. Running-In Wear 7.1. Wear Curve 7.2. Mechanism 7.3. Law of Running-In Wear8. Adhesive Wear 8.1. Rate of Wear 8.2. Junction Interaction 8.3. Law of Adhesive Wear 8.4. Asperity Angle 8.4.1. Hemispherical Asperity 8.5. Fatigue Mechanism 8.5.1. Contact of Sliding Surfaces 8.5.2. The Wear Law9. Oxidational Hypothesis of Wear 9.1. Oxidational Hypothesis 9.1.1. The ß Term 9.2. Comment on Equation 9.710. Surface Contaminants 10.1. Fractional Film Defect 10.1.1. The Term a 10.1.2. Modified Wear Equation 10.2. Heat of Adsorption Theory 10.2.1. Friction 10.2.2. Wear 10.3. Importance of E 10.4. A Simplified Law 10.4.1. Example11. Abrasive Wear 11.1. Abrasive Wear Coefficient 11.2. Abrasive Wear Resistance 11.3. Abrasives at the Interface 11.4. Stored Energy12. Wear Debris 12.1. Energy Consideration 12.2. Debris Size 12.3. Effect of Load13. Metal Transfer 13.1. Steel on Brass 13.2. Steel on Steel 13.3. Amount of Transfer14. Surface and Subsurface 14.1. Surface Layers and Sublayers 14.2. Friction 14.3. Surface Fatigue 14.4. Plasticity Index15. Temperature and Speed 15.1. Temperature 15.2. Speed16. Solubility 16.1. Solubility 16.1.1. Score Resistance 16.1.2. Work in Vacuum 16.1.3. Cutting the Sliding Surface17. Crystal Structure 17.1. Adhesion Coefficient 17.2. Experiment with Cobalt 17.2.1. Effect of Temperature 17.3. Rare Earth Materials 17.4. Change of Texture18. Rolling Resistance 18.1. Principles of Rolling Motion 18.2. Slip 18.2.1. Reynolds' Slip 18.2.2. Heathcote Slip 18.3. Rolling in the Plastic Range 18.3.1. Track Width 18.3.2. Rolling Friction 18.3.3. Equilibrium State 18.4. Rolling in the Elastic State 18.4.1. Hysteresis 18.5. Shake-Down-Limit 18.5.1. Forward Strain19. Wear Under Rolling Contact 19.1. Slip Area 19.2. Wear 19.3. A Law of Rolling Wear20. Polymers 20.1. Friction and Wear 20.2. A General Law of Friction 20.3. Rubber21. Fretting 21.1. Four Stages of Fretting 21.1.1. Worm Tracks 21.2. Measurement of Pit Depth 21.3. Load and Temperature 21.4. Humidity22. Examples of Tribological Components 22.1. Gears 22.1.1. Sliding Velocity 22.1.2. Rolling Velocity 22.1.3. Friction and Wear 22.1.4. Pitting 22.2. Bearings 22.2.1. Plain Bearings 22.2.2. Rolling Bearings 22.3. Piston Rings 22.4. Wear Under Impact Condition23.
