Fundamentals of Electrical Power Systems: A Primer with MATLAB

Name: Fundamentals of Electrical Power Systems: A Primer with MATLAB
Brand: Nova Science Publishers Inc
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Abood Samir(Author)

Nova Science Publishers Inc

Published on 23. November 2020

507 pages

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978-1-5361-8789-2 (ISBN)

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Content

Intro
Contents
Abstract
Preface
Acknowledgments
Chapter 1
Electrical Energy Sources
1.1. Structure of Electrical Power Systems
1.2. Energy Resources
1.3. Location of the Power Station
1.4. Types of Power Stations
1.4.1. Thermal Power Station (Steam Power Station)
1.4.1.1. Main Parts of the Thermal Power Station
1.4.1.2. Selection Site of the Thermal Power Station
1.4.2. Hydro-Electric Power Station
1.4.2.1. Choice of the Site
1.4.2.2. Hydro-Electric Plants Classification
1.4.2.3. Main Parts of Hydro-Electric Plants
1.4.2.4. Hydrology
1.4.3. Nuclear Power Station
1.4.3.1. Choice of the Site
1.4.3.2. Fuels
1.4.3.3. Elements of a Nuclear Power Station
1.4.4. Diesel Power Station
1.4.4.1. The Advantages of Diesel Power Station
1.4.4.2. The Disadvantages of Diesel Power Station
1.4.5. GAS Turbine Power Plant
1.4.5.1. The advantages of GAS Turbine Power Plant
1.4.5.2. The Disadvantages of GAS Turbine Power Plant
1.4.6. Solar Cell
1.4.6.1. Equivalent Circuit Model of Ideal and Practical Solar Cell
1.4.6.2. Performance Analysis
1.4.6.3. Series and Parallel Wiring
Example 1.1
Solution
Example 1.2
Solution
Example 1.3
Solution
Example 1.4
Solution
Example 1.5
Solution
1.4.6.4. Sizing of the Solar Array
1.4.6.5. Sizing of the Battery
1.4.6.6. Sizing of the Voltage Controller
1.4.6.7. Sizing of the Inverter
1.4.6.8. Sizing of the System Wiring
Example 1.6
1.4.7. Modelling of Wind Power
1.4.7.1. Efficiency in Extracting Wind Power (Betz Limit & Power Coefficient)
1.4.7.2. Power Curve of Wind Turbine
1.4.7.3. Technical Speci cations E-82 ENERCON Wind Energy Converters
1.5. Load Curves and Factors
Important Terms and Factors
Example 1.7
Solution
1.6. Load Duration Curve
1.7. Load Curves and Selection of the Number and Sizes of the Generation Units
Example 1.8
Solution
Example 1.9
Solution
1.8. Prediction of load and Energy Requirements
1.9. Choice of Type, Size, and Number of Generator Units
1.10. Power Calculation in Single-Phase AC Circuits
1.11. Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
1.11.1. Delta Connection
1.11.2. Wye Connection
1.11.3. Power Calculations in Balanced Three-Phase Circuits
Example 3.11
Solution
Example 3.12
Solution
Example 3.13
Solution
1.12. Per Unit Quantity
Problems
Chapter 2
Elements of Power Systems
2.1. Generating Unit
2.2. Transmission Network
2.3. Grounding Transformer
2.4. Distribution System
2.5. Power Consumption / Load
2.6. Conductors
2.7. Power Electronics Devices
2.8. Protective Devices
2.9. Economic Choice of Transmission Voltage
2.10. Conductor material Characteristics of the Material
Example 2.1
Solution
2.11. Parameters of Overhead Transmission Lines
2.11.1. Resistance
2.11.2. Inductance
2.11.2.1. Inductance of a Solid Cylindrical Conductor due to Internal Flux
2.11.2.2. Inductance of Single-Phase Two - Wireline
2.11.2.3. The Inductance of Composite Conductor Lines
2.11.2.4. The Inductance of Three-Phase Lines
2.11.2.5. Inductance of Bundled Conductors
Example 2.2
Solution
Example 2.3
Solution
2.11.3. Capacitance of Transmission Lines
2.11.3.1. Capacitance of a Two Wire Line
2.11.3.2. Capacitance of Three-Phase Line
2.11.3.3. Effect of the Earth on the Capacitance of a Line
2.11.3.4. Charging Current due to Capacitance
2.11.3.5. Capacitance of Bundle Conductors
Example 2.4
Example 2.5
Solution
2.12. Performance of Transmission Lines
2.12.1. Short Transmission Line
2.12.2. Medium Transmission Line
2.12.2.1. Nominal p Circuit
2.12.2.2. Nominal T Circuit
2.12.3. Long Transmission Line
2.12.3.1. Nominal p Circuit
2.12.3.2. Transmission Efficiency
2.13. Generalized Constants
Example 2.6
Solution
Example 2.7
Solution
2.14. Underground Cables
Problems
Chapter 3
Load Flow Analysis
3.1. Incidence and Network Matrices
3.2. Power System Representation
3.3. Incidence Matrices
3.3.1. Element-Node Incidence Matrix , .
3.3.2. Bus Incidence Matrix A
3.4. Primitive Network
3.5. Formation of Network Matrices by Singular Transformations
3.6. Bus Admittance and Bus Impedance Matrices
3.7. Step by Step Formation of the Bus Admittance Matrix
3.8. Load Flow Analysis
3.8.1. The Power Flow Mathematical Model
3.8.2. Iterative Solutions to Linear Algebraic Equations
3.8.3. Iterative Solutions to Nonlinear Algebraic Equations (Newton - Raphson)
3.8.4. Power - Flow Equations
3.8.5. Power - Flow Solution by Gauss-Seidel
3.8.5.1. Divergence of Gauss-Seidel Method
3.8.6. Power- Flow Solution by Newton-Raphson
3.8.6.1. Divergence of Newton's Method
3.9. Voltage Controlled Bus
3.10. Voltage-Controlled Buses with Tap Changing Transformers
3.11. Fast Decoupled Power Flow Solution
3.12. Gauss-Iterative Method Using Zbus
3.13. Gauss-Seidel Iterative Method Using Zbus
3.14. Acceleration of Convergence
3.15. Line Flows and Losses
Example 3.1
3.16. Load Flow Program
3.16. Design and Develop Program Stage
Example 3.2
Solution
Example 3.3
Solution
Example 3.4
Solution
Problems
Chapter 4
Optimum Power Flow
4.1. Voltage Stability and Reactive Power Flow Problem
4.2. Power Loss and Power Flow Control
4.3. The Optimization Problem
4.4. Mathematical Formulation of the Optimization Problem
4.5. Optimization Techniques
4.5.1. Quadratic Programming (QP)
4.5.2. Linear Programming (LP)
4.5.3. fmincon Function
4.6. Optimal Power Flow
4.6.1. Mathematical Formulation of the OPF Problem
4.6.2. Classification of the OPF Algorithms Solution
4.6.3. Comparison of the OPF Algorithms Solution Classes
4.7. Non-Linear Function Optimization
4.8. Computer Solution Methods Using the Impedance Matrix
4.8.1. Impedance Matrix in Shunt Computation
4.8.2. Algorithm for Formulating [Zbus]
Type 1 Modification (Addition of Tree Branch Zs from a New Bus q to Reference)
Type 2 Modification (Addition of a Tree Brunch Zs from a New Bus q to Old Bus k)
Type 3 Modification (Addition of a Link Zs Between an old Bus k and Reference)
Type 4 Modification (Addition of Link Zs between Two Old Buses)
4.9. Matrices of Special Interest in Network Analysis
Example 4.1
Example 4.2
4.9.1. The 6-Bus Power System
4.9.1.1. The Optimum Power Flow of 6 Bus Results
4.9.1.2. Bus Results
Example 4.3
Solution
4.2.1.3. Applied Case Study Results
Problems
Chapter 5
Faults Analysis
5.1. Fault Concept
5.2. Types of Faults
5.3. Symmetrical Fault Analysis
5.4. Unsymmetrical Faults Analysis
5.5. Symmetrical Components
5.5.1. Positive Sequence Components
5.5.2. Negative Sequence Components
5.5.3. Zero Sequence Components
5.6. Effect of Symmetrical Components on Impedance
5.7. Phase Shift ? / ? Connection ? / ?
5.8. Sequence Network of Unloaded Generator
5.9. Analysis of Unsymmetrical Faults by Using the Method of Symmetrical Component
5.9.1. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
5.9.2. Line-to-Line Fault
5.9.3. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
5.10. Fault Classification
5.11. Assumptions and Simplifications
5.12. Fault Voltage-Amps
5.13. Fault Levels in a Typical System
Example 5.1
5.2.1. Balanced Three-Phase Fault: Fault Impedance Zf = 0
5.2.2. Single Line-to-Ground Fault
5.2.4. Double Line-to-Ground Fault
Example 5.2
Problems
Chapter 6
Power System Stability
6.1. Stability Concept
6.2. Steady-State Stability
6.3. Power Limit of Transmission System
6.4. Transient stability
6.5. Swing Equation
Example 6.1
Solution
Example 6.2
Solution
6.6. Transient Stability Analysis Methods
6.6.1. Indirect Methods
6.6.1.1. Step by Step Method
6.6.2. Direct Methods
6.6.2.1. Equal-Area Criterion
6.7. Determination of Maximum Sudden Increases of Generator Output
6.8. Switching Operation
6.9. Fault Condition
6.10. Determination of Critical Clearing Angle
Example 6.3
Solution
Example 6.4
Example 6.5
6.11. Multimachine Stability
6.12. Computer Solution Program of the Flow Chart of the Case Study
6.13. Stability Analysis by MATLAB
Example 6.5
Example 6.6
Example 6.7
Example 6.8
Problems
Chapter 7
Power System Reliability
7.1. Concept of Reliability
7.2. Power System Reliability
7.3. Reliability Evaluation
7.4. Measuring Reliability
7.5. Series Systems
7.6. Parallel Systems
7.7. Network Modeling and Evaluation of Simple Systems
7.7.1. Reliability as a Probability Function
7.7.2. Reliability Indices
7.7.3. Availability Concepts
7.7.4. Reliability as a Function of Time
7.8. General Reliability Functions
7.9. Reliability Analysis
7.9.1. Deterministic Data
7.9.2. Stochastic data
7.10. Interconnected Systems
7.11. Cut Sets Technique (CST)
Example 7.1
Solution
7.12. Methods of Reliability Evaluation
7.12.1. Path Tracing Method
7.12.1.1. Path Tracing Method to Determine MCS
Example 7.2
Solution
Example 7.3
Solution
7.12.2. Fault Tree Analysis (FTA)
7.12.2.1. Application of Fault Tree Analysis
7.13. Markov Process Analysis
7.13.1. Markov Process Method
7.13.2. Representation of the General Method
Example 7.4
Example 7.5
Solution
7.14. Eigen Value Method
7.15. Fussell Algorithm
7.15.1. Algorithms
7.15.2. Solution of Fussell Algorithm
7.15.3. Two-Unit System
Example 7.6
Problems
Chapter 8
Modeling of Synchronous Generator
8.1. Importance of Modeling
8.2. Turbogenerator Identification
8.3. Thermal Plant
8.4. Turbine Model
8.5. System Identification
8.6. Plant Description
8.7. GA Solution
8.8. Inertia Constant and Swing Equation
8.9. Synchronous Generator Modeling Concept in the Power System
8.10. Excitation System Control
8.11. Turbine Governor Control
8.11.1. Prime Mover and Governing System Controls
8.11.2. Relationship of Governor, Turbine, and Generator
8.12. Division of Load between Generators
Example 9.2
Solution
8.13. System Connected by Lines of Relatively Small Capacity
8.14. Amplitude and Frequency Estimation of Power System
8.14.1. Adaptive Hopf Oscillator (AHO)
8.14.2. Power System Signal Modeling
Problems
Chapter 9
Power Distribution System
9.1. Generation
9.2. Transmission
9.3. Distribution
9.4. System Operation
9.5. Radial and Ring Distribution
9.6. Overhead and Underground Distribution
9.7. Distribution Equipment
9.7.1. Transformers
9.7.2. Circuit Breakers
9.7.3. Disconnect Switches
9.7.4. Metering Equipment
9.8. Distribution Inside Large Buildings
9.8.1. Single Rising Main
9.8.2. Grouped Supply
9.8.3. Individual Floor Supply
9.8.4. Ring Main Supply
9.8.5. Double Feed Supply
9.9. Constructional Details of 33/11 kV and 11/0.4 kV Distribution Substations
9.10. Emergency Generators
9.11. Mains Failure Panel (MFP)
9.12. Uninterruptible Power Supply (UPS)
Case (1): Mains Available (Normal Operation)
Case (2): Mains Failed (Emergency Operation)
Case (3): Return of Mains
9.13. Parallel Systems
9.14. Reactive Power Control in Distribution Networks
9.14.1. Individual Compensation
9.14.2. Control Methods
9.15. Distribution System Configuration
9.15.1. Radial Distribution System
9.15.2. Ring Distribution System
9.15.3. Spike Distribution System
9.15.4. Spindle Distribution System
9.15.5. Network (or Grid) Distribution System
9.15.6. Primary Selective Distribution System
9.16. Distribution System Parameters
9.16.1. Conductor Resistance
9.16.2. Inductive Reactance
9.17. Conductor Materials
9.18. Transformer Losses
9.19. Economic Number of Transformers
9.20. Radial Distribution System Calculations
Example 9.1
Solution
Problems
Chapter 10
VAR Compensator
10.1. Objectives of Load Compensation
10.1.1. Power Factor Correction
10.1.2. Voltage Regulation
10.1.3. Load Balancing
10.2. Types of Reactive Power Compensation
10.2.1. Series Capacitor
10.2.2. Synchronous Condensers
10.2.3. Shunt Capacitors
10.2.4. Shunt Reactors
10.3. Controls of Switched Shunt Capacitors
10.4. Harmonic Distortion in Power System
10.5. Source of Harmonics
10.6. Harmonic Measurement
10.6.1. Distortion Factor
10.6.2. Telephone Interference Factor
10.7. Harmonic Reduction Methods
10.7.1. Shunt Filters
10.7.2. Series Filters
10.8. Operation of Thyristor Controlled SVCs
10.9. SVC Parameters Calculation
10.9.1. Static VAR Compensator Configurations
10.9.2. Calculation of the TCR Firing Angle
10.10. Three-Phase Current Balancing
10.11. Harmonics Due to SVC Operation
10.11.1. Measurement of Harmonic Effects
10.12. Real Time Technique
10.13. Control of SVC by ANN
10.14. Control Network
10.15. Structure of the ANNs Based SVC Controller
10.16. Training of ANNs
10.17. Numerical Test Systems
10.17.1. Theoretical Test System
Control Network of Theoretical Test System
10.17.2. Practical Test System
10.17.2.1. Arc Furnace Application
Control Network of Arc Furnace Application
10.17.2.2. Radial Distribution System
Control Network of Radial Distribution System
10.17.2.3. Radial Transmission System
Control Network of Radial Transmission System
Problems
Appendices
Appendix A: Complex Numbers
A.1. Representation of Complex Numbers
A.2. Mathematical Operations
A.3. Euler's Formula
Appendix B: Mathematical Formulas
B.1. Quadratic Formulas
B.2. Trigonometric Identities
B.3. Trigonometric Substitution
B.4. Hyberbolic Functions
B.5. Derivatives
B.6. Indefinite Integrals
B.7. Definite Integrals
B.8. L'Hopital's Rule
B.9. Summation
B.10. Numerical Integration Approximations
B.11. Powers of the Trig Functions
Appendix C: Introduction to MATLAB®
C.1. MATLAB Basics
C.2. Using MATLAB to Plot
References
About the Author
Index
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Fundamentals of Electrical Power Systems: A Primer with MATLAB

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