Phytonutrients
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"A welcome addition to any academic library. SummingUp: Highly recommended. Upper-division undergraduates throughprofessionals." (Choice, 1 December 2012) Selected as an "Outstanding Academic Title from 2012" byChoiceMore details
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Contributors xii
Abbreviations xv
1 Plant foods and health 1
Judith Buttriss
Introduction 1
Historical changes in the plant content of the human diet 1
Changing composition of dietary constituents in the past 50 years 5
Plants - nutrients and other constituents 6
A summary of the evidence linking plant food intake and health 6
Coronary heart disease and stroke 9
Fruits and vegetables 9
Pulses and nuts 13
Cereals 15
Antioxidant nutrients 17
Other bioactive substances 18
Antioxidant hypothesis 20
Phytosterols and -stanols 20
Conclusions for coronary heart disease and stroke 21
Cancer 21
Fruit and vegetables 21
Legumes and nuts 26
Foods containing fibre 26
Vitamins 26
Other plant-derived substances 28
Conclusions for cancer 28
Type 2 diabetes 29
Age-related macular degeneration and cataract 29
Age-related cognitive decline 30
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease 31
Osteoporosis and bone health 31
Plant foods and health: overall conclusions 32
Recommendations and current policy on plant food intake 33
Fruit and vegetables 33
Wholegrain foods 35
Current consumption patterns 35
Conclusions 39
Acknowledgement 40
2 Carbohydrates and lipids 52
Andrew Salter and Gregory Tucker
Introduction 52
Major carbohydrates 53
Sugars 54
Polysaccharides 55
Starch 55
Cell wall polymers 58
Biosynthesis of cell wall polymers 60
Cell wall turnover 62
Nutritional benefits of plant carbohydrates 64
Major sources of dietary fibre within the diet and recommended intakes 64
Definition and measurement of dietary fibre 65
Physiological effects of dietary fibre 66
Lipids 68
Synthesis of fatty acids in plants 69
Synthesis of glycerolipids in plants 70
Modification of plant lipids 73
Fatty acid composition of plant foods 76
Vegetables 76
Cereals 77
Fruit 77
Oil seeds 77
Dietary lipids and human health 79
Phytosterols 80
3 Carotenoids 89
Úrsula Flores-Perez and Manuel Rodriguez-Concepcion
Introduction 89
Structure, biosynthesis and function of plant carotenoids 90
Dietary sources and health benefits 93
Absorption and bioavailability of dietary carotenoids 97
Carotenoid type 98
Food matrix 98
Carotenoid metabolism in humans 99
Meeting the dietary demand and consequences for imbalance 101
Acknowledgements 102
4 Polyphenols 110
David Vauzour, Katerina Vafeiadou and Jeremy P. E. Spencer
Introduction 110
Polyphenol structure 110
Phenolic acids and stilbenes 110
Flavonoids 113
Biosynthetic routes within the plant 115
Shikimic precursor and benzoic acid biosynthesis 115
Cinnamic acid biosynthesis 115
Stilbene biosynthesis 119
Flavonoid biosynthesis 119
Major sources within the diet 121
Phenolic acids and stilbenes 121
Flavonoids 121
Flavonols 121
Flavanones 122
Flavanols 123
Flavones 123
Anthocyanins 123
Isoflavones 123
Metabolic fate of dietary polyphenols 124
Gastrointestinal tract metabolism 124
Colonic metabolism 126
Role in human health 127
Flavonoids as classical antioxidants 128
Non-antioxidant activities of fl avonoids 130
Interactions with cell signalling pathways 131
Other potential mechanisms of action 133
Conclusion 133
Summary 134
Acknowledgements 134
5 Vitamins C and E 146
David Gray, John Brameld and Gregory Tucker
Introduction 146
Vitamin C: structure and chemistry 146
Dietary sources of vitamin C 147
Vitamin C: biosynthesis and metabolism in plants 148
Vitamin C functions in plants 152
Vitamin C manipulation in plants 154
Absorption and transport of vitamin C in mammals 155
Vitamin E: structure and chemistry 156
Dietary sources of vitamin E 159
Vitamin E: biosynthetic pathways 159
Roles of tocochromanols in plants 161
Manipulation of tocochromanol concentration 162
Absorption and transport of vitamin E in mammals 164
Antioxidant functions of vitamin E 164
6 Folate 173
Stéphane Ravanel and Fabrice Rébeillé
Introduction 173
One-carbon metabolism 174
Generation and interconversion of C1-units 176
Serine-glycine metabolism 176
Formate activation 176
Histidine catabolism 177
Interconvertion of C1-substituted folates 178
Utilisation of C1-units 179
Methionine synthesis 179
Purine ring formation 179
Formylation of methionyl-tRNA 180
Thymidylate synthesis 180
Pantothenate synthesis 180
Folate synthesis and distribution in plants 181
Biosynthesis of tetrahydrofolate in plants 181
Pterin branch 182
pABA branch 183
Assembly of the pterin, pABA and glutamate moieties 183
Reduction and polyglutamylation 184
Catabolism and salvage pathway 185
Compartmentation and transport of folates 185
Subcellular location of folates 185
Folate transporters 186
Folates distribution in plants 186
Physiology of folate in human health and disease 188
Absorption 188
Transport, storage, catabolism and excretion 189
Metabolic and clinical manifestations of folate deficiency 189
Diagnosis of folate deficiency 190
Folate bioavailability, requirements and food fortification 191
Bioavailability 191
Dietary intake recommendations 192
Dietary sources of folate 192
Food fortification 194
Prospects for plant foods biofortification 195
7 Phytoestrogens 203
Helen Wiseman
Introduction 203
Biosynthesis of phytoestrogens 203
Introduction 203
Isoflavonoids 203
Prenylated flavonoids 205
Stilbenes 205
Lignans 205
Genetic engineering 205
Isoflavonoids 206
Introduction 206
Dietary sources and intakes 206
Metabolism and bioavailability 208
Isoflavonoids and cancer prevention 211
Hormone-dependent cancer prevention by isoflavonoids 211
Oestrogens and risk of breast cancer 213
Oestrogen receptor-mediated events 213
Animal models 215
Mechanisms of anticancer action of isoflavonoids 217
Clinical studies 219
Protection by isoflavonoids against cardiovascular disease 220
Cholesterol-lowering and isoflavonoids 220
Antioxidant action 222
Arterial function 225
Cellular effects 226
Protection by isoflavonoids against osteoporosis, cognitive decline and menopausal symptoms? 226
Osteoporosis 226
Menopausal symptoms and cognitive decline 227
Isoflavonoids: potential risks 228
Lignans 229
Introduction 229
Production of mammalian lignans 230
Cardiovascular disease 230
Breast cancer prevention 230
Prostate cancer prevention 230
Prevention of other types of cancer 231
Other health benefits 231
Prenylflavonoids 231
Stilbenes 233
Miroestrol 235
Deoxybenzoins 235
Coumestans 236
Phytoestrogens and human health: conclusions 236
8 Plant minerals 254
Martin R. Broadley and Philip J. White
Introduction 254
Genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 258
Introduction 258
Between-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 258
Within-species genetic variation in plant mineral concentration 259
Iron and zinc 260
Iodine and selenium 263
Calcium and magnesium 264
Copper 266
Has the mineral concentration of crops declined due to breeding for increased yield? 266
Evidence for a decline in mineral concentration of horticultural crops 266
Is there evidence for a decline in mineral concentration of staple crops? 267
A case study on potatoes; a précis of White et al. (2009) 268
Index 278
Abbreviations
AA ascorbic acid ACP acyl carrier protein ADC 4-amino-4-deoxychorismate AdoMet S-adenosylmethionine AICAR aminoimidazole carboxamide ribonucleotide AICART aminoimidazole carboximide ribonucleotide transformylase ALA alpha linolenic acid ANR anthocyanidin reductase ANS anthocyanidin synthase BCO β-carotene-15,15′-oxygenase cAMP cyclic AMP CHD coronary heart disease CHI chalcone flavanone isomerase CHS chalcone synthase CHYB carotenoid β-ring hydroxylase CHYE carotenoid ε-ring hydroxylase CI confidence interval COMT catechol-O-methyltransferases CRTISO carotenoid isomerase CYP cytochrome P450 CVD cardiovascular disease DAG diacylglycerol DAHP D-arabino-heptulosonic acid 7-phosphate DFE dietary folate equivalents DFR dihydroflavonol reductase DHA docosahexaenoic acid DHA dehydroascorbate (Chapter 5) DHAA dehydroascorbic acid DHF dihydrofolate DHFR dihydrofolate reductase DHPS dihydropteroate synthase DHQ 3-dehydroquinic acid DMAPP dimethylallyl diphosphate DMPBQ dimethylphytylbenoquinol E-4-P D-erythrose-4-phosphate EGCG epigallocatechin gallate EPSP 3-enolpyruvylshikimic acid 3-phosphate ER endoplasmic reticulum ERK extracellular signal-related kinase EPA eicosapentoenoic acid F3H Flavanone 3-hydroxylase FAS fatty acid synthase complex FCL 5-formyl-THF cycloligase FGGH folylpolyglutamate γ-glutamyl hydrolase FPGS folylpolyglutamate synthetase FS flavone synthase FTCD glutamate formiminotransferase/formimino-THF cyclodeaminase FTHFS 10-formyl-THF synthetase GAR glycinamide ribonucleotide GART glycinamide ribonucleotide transformylase GBSS granule bound starch synthase GDC glycine decarboxylase GI gastrointestinal tract GGPP geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate GGR geranylgeranyl reductase GH glycosyl hydrolase GLA gamma linolenic acid GLUT glucose transporter GSH glutathione GSHPx glutathione peroxidise GT glycosyl transferase GTPCHI GTP-cyclohydrolase I 7,8-dihydroneopterin (DHN) triphosphate HBA hydroxybenzoic acids HCA hydroxycinnamic acids HDL high density lipoproteins HO-1 haem oxygenase 1 HPPK hydroxymethyldihydropterin pyrophosphokinase IFS isoflavone synthase IMP inosine monophosphate IPP isopentenyl diphosphate JNK c-jun amino-terminal kinase KPHMT ketopantoate hydroxymethyl transferase LA linoleic acid LAR leucoanthocyanidin reductase LCYB lycopene cyclase B LCYE lycopene cyclase E LDL low density lipoprotein MAPK MAP kinase signalling pathway MATE multidrug and toxin extrusion transporter MDHA monodehydroascorbate MEP methylerythritol 4-phosphate pathway MGGBQ 2-methy-6-phytylbenzoquinol MPBQ 2-methy-6-phytylbenzoquinol MRP multidrug resistance-associated proteins MS methionine synthase MTF methionyl-tRNA transformylase MTHFC 5,10-methenyl-THF cyclohydrolase MTHFD 5,10-methylene-THF dehydrogenase MUFA monounsaturated fatty acid NSP non starch polysaccharide NTD neural tube defects ODA octadecatetraenoic acid pABA para-aminobenzoic acid pABAGlun p-aminobenzoyl(poly)glutamate PAL phenylalanine ammonia lyase PC phosphatidylcholine PDP phytyl pyrophosphate PDS phytoene desaturase PE phosphatydyl ethanolamine PEP phosphoenolpyruvate PMP phytol monophosphate PPAR peroxisome proliferator activated receptor PS1 photosystem 1 PSY phytoene synthase PUFA polyunsaturated fatty acid QTL quantitative trait loci RALDH NAD+-dependent retinal dehydrogenase RDA recommended dietary allowance RDH retinol dehydrogenase ROS reactive oxygen species RR relative risk SBE starch branching enzyme SDE starch debranching enzyme SFA saturated fatty acid SHMT serine hydroxymethyl transferase SVCT sodium vitamin C co-transporters TAG triacyl glycerol TAL tyrosine ammonia...