Language Engineering and Translation

Name: Language Engineering and Translation | Consequences of automation
Brand: John Benjamins Publishing Company
Price: 149.99 EUR
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Consequences of automation

Juan C. Sager(Author)

John Benjamins Publishing Company

1st Edition

Published on 22. April 1994

XX, 345 pages

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978-90-272-8364-1 (ISBN)

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LANGUAGE ENGINEERING AND TRANSLATION CONSEQUENCES OF AUTOMATION
Editorial page
Title page
Copyright page
Acknowledgements
Table of contents
Preface. Translation in an Industrial Setting
Chapter One. The Language Industry and its Raw Material
1. The Language Industry and Translation
1.1 The industrialisation of communication
1.2 The scope of 'Language Industry'
1.2.1 Support industry
1.2.2 Industry for processing languages
1.2.3 Industry for the production of languages
1.2.4 Tools and Products
1.3 The evolution of the language industry
1.3.1 The present situation
1.3.2 The role of linguistic research
1.4 The structure of the language industry
1.4.1 Science and application
1.4.2 Range of written and spoken languages
1.4.3 Reception and production
1.4.4 Applications and products
1.5 Conditions for the design and application of industrial tools
1.5.1 Conditions for the development of the machine translation industry
2. Theoretical Aspects of Language
2.1 The nature and uses of language
2.2 The intention of speech acts
2.2.1 The pragmatic dimension of speech acts
2.3 The concept of sublanguages
2.3.1 Criteria for establishing sublanguages
2.4 Evolution and types of language varieties
2.5 Natural and artificial languages
2.5.1 Characteristics of natural language
2.5.2 Characteristics of artificial languages
2.6 The evolution of restricted languages
2.7 Definition of special subject languages
2.7.1 Disciplines and subject fields
2.7.1.1 Special knowledge reflected in texts
2.7.1.2 Special knowledge and reference
2.7.2 Special usage
2.7.3 Special restrictions
Chapter Two. Communication Theory for Translation
3. Elements of a Communication Theory
3.1 The environment of communication
3.2 Preconditions of communication
3.2.1 Communicative situations
3.2.2 The situation of the written speech act
3.2.3 Components of the speech act
3.2.3.1 The stimulus
3.2.3.2 Temporal factors
Point of time
Duration
Time lag
Regularity
3.2.3.3 Spatial factors
3.2.3.4 Personal factors
3.3 Choices in communication
3.3.1 Choice of content of the message (its topic and aspect)
3.3.1.1 Topic
3.3.1.2 Aspect
3.3.2 Choice of purpose (Intention + Expectation)
3.3.2.1 Social purpose
3.3.2.2 Informative purpos
3.3.2.3 Directive purpose
3.3.2.4 Discursive purpose
3.3.2.5 Evaluative purpose
3.3.3 Choice of affectivity
3.3.4 Choice of language
3.3.5 Choice oftext types
3.3.6 Choice of techniques of communication
3.3.6.1 Choice of non-linguistic vs mixed linguistic/nonlinguistic communication
3.3.6.2 Choice of external form
3.3.6.3 Choice of technical means
3.3.6.4 Choice of axes of expression
3.3.6.4.1 Geographical variation
3.3.6.4.2 Topic dependence
3.3.6.4.3 Level
33.6.4.4 Formality
Frozen & formal
Casual & intimate
Consultative
4. A Theory of Text Types and Messages
4.1 Text types
4.1.1 Macro text types in science and technology
4.1.1.1 Schedule
4.1.1.2 Memo
4.1.1.3 Essay
4.1.1.4 Report
4.1.2 Reader recognition of text type
4.1.3 Criteria for defining a textual unit
4.1.3.1 The concept of textuality
4.1.3.2 Text types as efficient units of communication
4.1.4 Inter-related texts
4.1.4.1 Formal inter-relation
4.1.4.2 Content inter-relation
4.1.4.3 Inter-relation by imitation
4.2 A model of document production and reception
4.2.1 The role of participants in production and reception
4.2.2 Production
4.2.3 Reception and understanding
4.2.3.1 Primary and secondary reader
4.2.3.2 Assistance in reading-understanding
4.2.4 The product
4.2.4.1 Text and message from the writer perspective
4.2.4.2 Text and message from the reader' s viewpoint
4.3 Criteria for successful communication
4.3.1 Knowledge
4.3.2 Cooperation
4.3.3 Relevance
4.4 Text modification
4.4.1 Types of document modification
4.4.1.1 Correction
4.4.1.2 Editing
4.4.1.3 Derivation
4.4.2 Types of derived texts
4.4.3 Methods of modification
4.4.3.1 Transformation
4.4.3.2 Translation
4.4.4 The professions concerned with text modification
4.4.5 Criteria for successful modification
Chapter Three. Theoretical Aspects of Translation
5. The Nature of Translation
5.1 The scope of theories of translation
5.1.1 Two aspects of translation
5.1.1.1 Process
5.1.1.2 Products
5.1.2 Dimensions of a theory
5.1.2.1 Communicative/author dimension
5.1.2.2 Document or product dimension
5.1.2.3 Reader/agent/recipient dimension
5.1.2.4 Motivation/translator dimension
5.1.2.5 Situational dimension
5.1.3 Machine translation as a new activity and product
5.2 The meanings of translation
5.2.1 Existing definitions of translation
5.2.2 Other meanings of translation
5.3 The concept of translatability
5.3.1 The legitimacy of translation
5.3.2 Cultural arguments
5.3.3 Philosophical arguments
5.3.4 Measures of translatability
5.4 The basis of a theory of translation
5.4.1 Process model of translation
5.4.2 Translation situations
5.5 The concept of equivalence
5.6 Evaluation of translation
5.6.1 Criteria for evaluation
6. Specifications: Factors Influencing the Translation Process
6.1 Conditions for modelling the translation process
6.1.1 Basic approaches to translation techniques
6.2 Existing models of the translation process
6.3 Major types of translation activities
6.3.1 Literary translation
6.3.2 Bible translation
6.3.3 Industrial translation
6.4 Analysis of the translation task
6.4.1 Alternative views of the task
6.5 Specification phase
6.5.1 Identification of source language document
6.5.1.1 Recognition of text type and topic
6.5.1.2 Recognition of intention
6.5.2 Interpretation of specifications
6.5.2.1 The situation of the translation process
6.5.2.2 Time and cost factors
6.5.2.3 The condition of the translator
6.5.2.4 Writer and reader factors
6.5.2.5 User expectation
6.5.2.6 Source and product (textual) factors
6.6 Functional types of translation
6.6.1 Autonomous documents
6.6.2 Interdependent documents
6.6.2.1 Parallel documents
6.6.2.2 Full equal document
6.6.3 Derived documents
6.6.3.1 Selective document translation (Excerpts)
6.6.3.2 Reduced document translation (Abstracts)
6.6.3.3 Translations with the same function
6.6.3.4 Translations with a different function
Target language text type
Translation text type
6.6.4 Functional types of translation by intention
6.6.5 Other functional types of translation
Chapter Four. A Model of the Translation Process
7 Preparation for Translation
7.1 Choice of target language text type
7.2 Choice of translation strategy
7.2.1 Motivation of diverse translation strategies
7.2.1.1 Full, reduced and selective translation
7.2.1.2 Temporal segmentation of the process
7.2.2 The impact of electronic devices on the choice of strategy
7.2.2.1 Choice of machine assistance or MT
7.2.3 The interaction of choices
7.3 Reading Comprehension: Human text understanding
7.3.1 The knowledge dimension of text understanding
7.3.2 The pragmatic dimension of text understanding
7.3.3 The linguistic dimension of text understanding
7.3.4 The limits imposed on comprehension
7.3.4.1 Implications for the automatic analysis of texts
7.3.4.2 Translator competence
7.4 Dictionary look-up
7.4.1 Modes of dictionary consultation
7.5 Electronic tools to support dictionary consultation
8 Steps in Translation
8.1 The translation process
8.1.1 Translation units
8.1.2 A psycholinguistic model
8.1.3 Modes of processing
8.1.4 Extension of the existing model
8.2 Resolution of ambiguity
8.3 Search for equivalents
8.3.1 Units of equivalence
8.4 Translation techniques
8.5 Matching
8.5.1 Lexical matching
8.5.2 Syntactic matching
8.5.3 Pragmatic matching
8.5.4 The need for pre-established match
8.5.5 Criteria for efficient matching
8.6 Compensation
8.7 Text production/encoding
8.8 Evaluation and revision
8.8.1 Content comparison and contr
8.8.2 Revision
8.8.3 Criteria for evaluation
8.9 Presentation
Chapter Five. The Automated Dimension of Translation
9 Human and Machine Translation
9.1 Modes of comparison
9.2 Comparison of the translation processes
9.2.1 Translation as problem solving
9.2.2 The expert system view
9.2.2.1 The type and nature of knowledge bases
9.2.3 The nature of the modules in the MT process
9.2.3.1 Comprehension vs. analysis
9.2.3.2 Matching vs. transfer
9.2.3.3 Writing vs. generation
9.2.4 Current limitations of MT
9.3 Comparison of human and machine translation products
9.3.1 Human vs. machine-produced texts
9.3.1.1 The nature of machine-generated (MT) language
9.3.2 Flexibility vs. rigidity in text types
9.4 Uses of MT
9.5 Comparative evaluation of MT produced texts
9.5.1 Methods of MT evaluation
10 The Pragmatic Circumstances of Automation in Translation
10.1 Methods of MT
10.1.1 Linguistic approaches
10.1.2 The semantic approach
10.2 Users of MT systems
10.2.1 The translator as producer
10.2.2 The writer as translation producer
10.2.3 Readers of translations
10.2.4 The information supplier
10.3 Brief description of MT systems
10.4 Functional types of machine translation
10.4.1 MT as human translation aid
10.4.2 Translation by reference to existing models
10.4.3 MT as text-type specific independent systems
10.4.3.1 Reader-oriented MT
10.4.3.2 Writer-oriented MT
10.4.3.3 Writer-oriented editing of pre-translated text
10.4.4 MT of machine-readable restricted language texts
10.4.5 ?T of machine-readable artificial language text
10.4.6 Outlook
10.5 Other Applications of MT technology
10.6 Other ways of classifying MT systems
10.6.1 Typology of MT systems by text types
10.6.2 Typology of MT systems by degree of automation
10.7 Criteria for the use of MT
10.7.1 Cost factors
10.7.2 Document selection for MT processing
Chapter Six. Industrialisation of Translation
11 Translation in an Information Technology Environment
11.1 Industrial aspects of translation
11.1.1 The cost and value of translation
11.1.2 Growth in demand
11.1.3 The market for MT
11.2 A pragmatic view of the development of MT
11.2.1 MT system designers and producers
11.2.2 Translators as users of information technology and MT
11.2.3 Survey of the evolution of MT
11.2.4 Practical achievements of MT
11.3 Future prospects for the language industry
Bibliography
Glossary
Subject Index
Author Index

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Language Engineering and Translation

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