BIM Handbook
Description
Building Information Modeling (BIM) offers a novel approach to design, construction, and facility management in which a digital representation of the building product and process is used to facilitate the exchange and interoperability of information in digital format. BIM is beginning to change the way buildings look, the way they function, and the ways in which they are designed and built.
The BIM Handbook, Third Edition provides an in-depth understanding of BIM technologies, the business and organizational issues associated with its implementation, and the profound advantages that effective use of BIM can provide to all members of a project team. Updates to this edition include:
* Information on the ways in which professionals should use BIM to gain maximum value
* New topics such as collaborative working, national and major construction clients, BIM standards and guides
* A discussion on how various professional roles have expanded through the widespread use and the new avenues of BIM practices and services
* A wealth of new case studies that clearly illustrate exactly how BIM is applied in a wide variety of conditions
Painting a colorful and thorough picture of the state of the art in building information modeling, the BIM Handbook, Third Edition guides readers to successful implementations, helping them to avoid needless frustration and costs and take full advantage of this paradigm-shifting approach to construct better buildings that consume fewer materials and require less time, labor, and capital resources.
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Persons
Rafael Sacks is a Professor of Civil Engineering and leads the Virtual Construction Lab at the Technion - Israel Institute of Technology.
Charles Eastman is Professor Emeritus in the College of Architecture at Georgia Tech. He founded the Digital Building Laboratory.
Ghang Lee is a Professor and the Director of the Building Informatics Group at Yonsei University in Seoul, Korea.
Paul Teicholz is Professor Emeritus at Stanford University. He founded the Center for Integrated Facility Engineering at Stanford University.
Content
Foreword to the Third Edition xvii
Preface xxi
CHAPTER 1 Introduction 1
1.0 Executive Summary 1
1.1 Introduction 2
1.2 The Current AEC Business Model 2
1.3 Documented Inefficiencies of Traditional Approaches 9
1.4 BIM: New Tools and New Processes 13
1.5 BIM as a Lifecycle Platform 18
1.6 What Is Not a BIM Platform? 19
1.7 What Are the Benefits of BIM? What Problems Does It Address? 20
1.8 BIM and Lean Construction 25
1.9 What Challenges Can be Expected? 28
1.10 Future of Designing and Building With BIM 30
1.11 Case Studies 30
Chapter 1 Discussion Questions 31
CHAPTER 2 Core Technologies and Software 32
2.0 Executive Summary 32
2.1 The Evolution to Object-Based Parametric Modeling 33
2.2 Beyond Parametric Shapes 48
2.3 BIM Environments, Platforms, and Tools 57
2.4 BIM Model Quality and Model Checking 62
2.5 BIM Platforms 64
2.6 Design Review Applications 76
2.7 Conclusion 82
Chapter 2 Discussion Questions 83
CHAPTER 3 Collaboration and Interoperability 85
3.0 Executive Summary 85
3.1 Introduction 86
3.2 Different Kinds of Data Exchange Methods 88
3.3 Background of Product Data Models 95
3.4 Other Efforts Supporting Standardization 107
3.5 The Evolution from File-Based Exchange to BIM Servers 112
3.6 Interfacing Technologies 124
Chapter 3 Discussion Questions 128
CHAPTER 4 BIM for Owners and Facility Managers 130
4.0 Executive Summary 130
4.1 Introduction: Why Owners Should Care About BIM 131
4.2 Owner's Role in a BIM Project 133
4.3 Cost and Time Management 142
4.4 An Owner and Facility Manager's Building Model 154
4.5 Leading the BIM Implementation on a Project 160
4.6 Barriers to Implementing BIM: Risks and Common Myths 167
4.7 Issues for Owners to Consider when Adopting BIM 171
Chapter 4 Discussion Questions 173
CHAPTER 5 BIM for Architects and Engineers 175
5.0 Executive Summary 175
5.1 Introduction 177
5.2 Scope of Design Services 179
5.3 BIM Use in Design Processes 186
5.4 Building Object Models and Libraries 215
5.5 Considerations in Adoption for Design Practice 223
Chapter 5 Discussion Questions 226
CHAPTER 6 BIM for Contractors 228
6.0 Executive Summary 228
6.1 Introduction 230
6.2 Types of Construction Firms 231
6.3 Information Contractors Want from BIM 232
6.4 BIM-Enabled Process Change 234
6.5 Developing a Construction Building Information Model 237
6.6 Using a Contractor Building Information Model 241
6.7 3D: Visualization and Coordination 243
6.8 4D: Construction Analysis and Planning 245
6.9 5D: Quantity Takeoff and Cost Estimating 255
6.10 Production Planning and Control 260
6.11 Off-site Fabrication and Modular Construction 261
6.12 BIM in the Field 263
6.13 Cost and Schedule Control and Other Management Functions 270
6.14 Commissioning and Turnover 272
Chapter 6 Discussion Questions 273
CHAPTER 7 BIM for Subcontractors and Fabricators 275
7.0 Executive Summary 275
7.1 Introduction 276
7.2 Types of Subcontractors and Fabricators 278
7.3 The Benefits of a BIM Process for Subcontractor Fabricators 283
7.4 Generic BIM System Requirements for Fabricators 298
7.5 Specific BIM Requirements for Fabrication 305
7.6 Adopting BIM in a Fabrication Operation 317
Chapter 7 Discussion Questions 322
CHAPTER 8 Facilitators of BIM Adoption and Implementation 323
8.0 Executive Summary 323
8.1 Introduction 324
8.2 BIM Mandates 324
8.3 BIM Roadmaps, Maturity Models, and Measures 330
8.4 BIM Guides 340
8.5 BIM Education and Training 345
8.6 Legal, Security, and Best Practice Issues 358
Chapter 8 Discussion Questions 362
CHAPTER 9 The Future: Building with BIM 364
9.0 Executive Summary 364
9.1 Introduction 366
9.2 BIM Before 2000: Predicting Trends 367
9.3 Development and Impact of BIM: 2000 to 2017 370
9.4 Current Trends 376
9.4.1 Process Trends 377
9.4.2 Technology Trends 381
9.4.3 Integrative Process and Technology Trends 382
9.4.4 Trends in BIM Research 383
9.4.5 Obstacles to Change 385
9.5 Vision 2025 386
9.6 Beyond 2025 394
Acknowledgment 397
Chapter 9 Discussion Questions 397
CHAPTER 10 BIM Case Studies 398
10.0 Introduction 398
Acknowledgments 401
10.1 National Children's Hospital, Dublin 405
Acknowledgments 419
10.2 Hyundai Motorstudio Goyang, South Korea 419
Acknowledgments 437
10.3 Fondation Louis Vuitton, Paris 437
Acknowledgments 451
10.4 Dongdaemun Design Plaza, Seoul, South Korea 451
Acknowledgments 468
10.5 Saint Joseph Hospital, Denver 468
Acknowledgments 481
Online Sources 481
10.6 Victoria Station, London Underground 482
Acknowledgments 498
10.7 Nanyang Technological University Student Residence Halls, Singapore 499
Acknowledgments 522
10.8 Mapletree Business City II, Singapore 522
Acknowledgments 554
10.9 Prince Mohammad Bin Abdulaziz International Airport, Medina, UAE 554
Acknowledgments 574
10.10 Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, Maryland 574
Acknowledgments 583
10.11 Stanford Neuroscience Health Center, Palo Alto, California 584
Acknowledgments 613
Glossary 614
References 623
Index 639
Preface
This book is about the process of design, construction, and facility management called building information modeling (BIM). It provides an in-depth understanding of BIM technologies, the business and organizational issues associated with its implementation, and the profound impacts that effective use of BIM can provide to all parties involved in a facility over its lifetime. The book explains how designing, constructing, and operating buildings with BIM differs from pursuing the same activities in the traditional way using drawings, whether paper or electronic.
BIM is changing the way buildings look, the way they function, and the ways in which they are built. Throughout the book, we have intentionally and consistently used the term "BIM" to describe an activity (meaning building information modeling), rather than an object (building information model). This reflects our belief that BIM is not a thing or a type of software but a socio-technical system that ultimately involves broad process changes in design, construction, and facility management. At a minimum, BIM systems function at the level of the organization (manifested as a construction project, company, or owner organization) shown in Figure 00-01.
FIGURE 00-01 Socio-technical levels.
© Brian Whitworth, Alex P. Whitworth, and First Monday. This image appeared as Figure 1 in "The Social Environment Model: Small Heroes and the Evolution of Human Society" by Brian Whitworth and Alex P. Whitworth, published in First Monday (Volume 15, Number 11, November 2010), at http://firstmonday.org/article/view/3173/2647; http://dx.doi.org/10.5210/fm.v15i11.3173.
Perhaps most important is that BIM creates significant opportunity for society at large to achieve more sustainable building construction processes and higher performance facilities with fewer resources and lower risk than can be achieved using traditional practices.
Why a BIM Handbook?
Our motivation in writing this book was to provide a thorough and consolidated reference to help students and practitioners in the construction industry learn about this exciting approach, in a format independent of the commercial interests that guide vendors' literature on the subject. There are many truths and myths in the generally accepted perceptions of the state of the art of BIM. We hope that The BIM Handbook will help reinforce the truths, dispel the myths, and guide our readers to successful implementations. Some well-meaning decision makers and practitioners in the construction industry at-large have had disappointing experiences after attempting to adopt BIM, because their efforts and expectations were based on misconceptions and inadequate planning. If this book can help readers avoid these frustrations and costs, we will have succeeded.
Collectively, the authors have a wealth of experience with BIM, both with the technologies it uses and the processes it supports. We believe that BIM represents a paradigm change that will have far-reaching impacts and benefits, not only for those in the construction industry but for society at large, as better buildings are built that consume fewer materials and require less labor and capital resources and that operate more efficiently. We make no claim that the book is objective in terms of our judgment of the necessity for BIM. At the same time, of course, we have made every effort to ensure the accuracy and completeness of the facts and figures presented.
Who is the BIM Handbook for, and what is in it?
The BIM Handbook is addressed to building developers, owners, project managers, operators, facility managers, and inspectors; to architects, engineers of all disciplines, construction contractors, and fabricators; and to students of architecture, civil engineering, and building construction. It reviews building information modeling and its related technologies, its potential benefits, its costs, and needed infrastructure. It also discusses the present and future influences of BIM on regulatory agencies; legal practice associated with the building industry; and manufacturers of building products. It is directed at readers in these areas. A rich set of BIM case studies is presented in Chapter 10, and more, from the earlier editions of the book, are available on the BIM Handbook companion website. The case studies describe various BIM processes, platforms, tools, and technologies. Current and future industry and societal impacts are also explored.
The book has four sections:
- Chapters 1, 2, and 3 provide an introduction to BIM and the technologies that support it. These chapters describe the current state of the construction industry, the potential benefits of BIM, the technologies underlying BIM including parametric modeling of buildings, and interoperability.
- Chapters 4, 5, 6, and 7 provide discipline-specific perspectives of BIM. They are aimed at owners and facility managers (Chapter 4), designers of all kinds (Chapter 5), general contractors (Chapter 6), and subcontractors and fabricators (Chapter 7).
- Chapter 8 discusses facilitators of BIM: BIM standards, guides and contracts, BIM education, and organizational change. Chapter 9 deals with potential impacts and future trends associated with the advent of BIM-enabled design, construction, and operation of buildings. Current trends are described and extrapolated through the year 2025, as are forecasts of potential long-term developments and the research needed to support them beyond 2025.
- Chapter 10 provides eleven detailed cases studies of BIM in the design and construction industry that demonstrate its use for feasibility studies, conceptual design, detail design, estimating, detailing, coordination, construction planning, logistics, operations, and many other common construction activities. The new case studies in Chapter 10 include buildings with signature architectural and structural designs (such as the Louis Vuitton building and the Hyundai Motorstudio), complex hospital projects (Saint Joseph Hospital in Denver, Dublin's New Children's Hospital, and the Stanford Neuroscience Center) as well as a wide range of fairly common buildings (a shopping mall, an office building, a student residence, an airport terminal, and a laboratory building). There is also a study of a complex infrastructure project: the Victoria Station upgrade for the London Underground.
What's new in this edition?
BIM is developing rapidly, and it is difficult to keep up with the advances in both technology and practice. There have been many changes since we completed the second edition, fully seven years ago. To name a few:
- Extensive adoption by government and other public owners, with a plethora of BIM mandates, guides, standards, execution plans, and more.
- The benefits of integrated practice are receiving wide review and being tested intensively in practice.
- BIM tools are increasingly used to support sustainable design, construction, and operation.
- BIM integration with lean design and construction methods, with many new software tools to support the new workflows and management practices.
- Models have become accessible in the field, with strong impact on the ways in which work is done.
- Off-site prefabrication and modular construction are benefitting from the quality of information BIM provides, and growing rapidly.
- BIM is being used for operations and maintenance, and owners can now clearly state their information requirements when buildings are delivered.
- Laser-scanning, photogrammetry, and drones are all common terms now in construction projects.
- AI, machine-learning, and semantic enrichment are at the forefront of the BIM research agenda.
This edition not only addresses these themes and updates the material related to the BIM applications; it also introduces sections on new technologies, and it includes eleven new case studies.
How to use the BIM Handbook
Many readers will find the Handbook a useful resource whenever they are confronted with new terms and ideas related to BIM in the course of their work or study. A thorough first reading, while not essential, is of course the best way to gain a deeper understanding of the significant changes that BIM is bringing to the AEC/FM industry.
The first section (Chapters 1-3) is recommended for all readers. It gives a background to the commercial context and the technologies for BIM. Chapter 1 lists many of the potential benefits that can be expected. It first describes the difficulties inherent in traditional practice within the U.S. construction industry and its associated poor productivity and higher costs. It then describes various approaches to procuring construction, such as traditional design-bid-build, design-build, and others, describing the pros and cons for each in terms of realizing benefits from the use of BIM. It describes newer integrated project delivery (IPD) approaches that are particularly useful when supported by BIM. Chapter 2 details the technological foundations of BIM, in particular parametric and object-oriented modeling. The history of these technologies and their current state of the art are described. The chapter then reviews the leading commercial application platforms for generating building information models. Chapter 3 deals...
