Motorcycle Crash Reconstruction
1st Edition
Published on 30. December 2018
340 pages
978-0-7680-9508-1 (ISBN)
Description
In a recent National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) report, about one out of every 7 fatalities on the road involved a motorcycle. Itis clear that motorcyclists are more vulnerable and much more likely to be injured or killed in a crash than are passengers in a car accident.Motorcycle Accident Reconstruction purposefully pulls together as much of the relevant accident reconstruction literature and science as possible to present definitive literature that meets the needs of the crash reconstruction industry. The reader will learn to analyze physical evidence, understand what it means, and how to incorporate math and physics into an investigation. Topics featured in this book include:Case studies utilizing event data recorder dataPhotogrammetry analysisDetermining motorcycle speed at the time of an accidentThe book provides a unique roadmap for the motorcycle accident reconstructionist user. It is written by two specialists in this field who provide analyses of physical factors that affect motorcycle visibility, motorcycle usage at night, and human factors in motorcycle crashes - to the greater understanding of crash analysts, consultants and safety engineers alike.
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Nathan Rose
Motorcycle Accident Reconstruction
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01/2022
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SAE International
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Nathan A. Rose | William TC Neale
Motorcycle Crash Reconstruction
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12/2018
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Content
- Cover
- Table of Contents
- Author Bios
- Acknowledgments
- Preface
- CHAPTER 1 Introduction to Accident Reconstruction
- 1.1 The Approach Used in Accident Reconstruction
- 1.1.1 The Context of Reconstruction
- 1.1.2 Investigation and Analysis
- 1.1.3 Analysis by Phases
- 1.1.4 Theoretical and Empirical Modeling
- 1.1.5 Uncertainty Analysis
- 1.1.6 Incorporating Witness Statements and Testimony
- 1.1.7 Causation
- 1.1.8 Analyzing Avoidance Scenarios
- 1.2 Physical Principles Used in Accident Reconstruction
- 1.2.1 Conservation of Energy
- 1.2.2 Newton's Second Law and the Principle of Work and Energy
- 1.2.3 Principle of Impulse and Momentum (Conservation of Momentum)
- References
- CHAPTER 2 Overview of Motorcycle Crash Analysis
- 2.1 Motorcycle Types
- 2.2 Motorcycle Dimensions and Inertial Properties
- 2.3 Motorcycle Controls
- 2.4 Motorcycle Tires
- 2.4.1 Motorcycle Tire Markings
- 2.4.2 Motorcycle Tire Friction Coefficients
- References
- CHAPTER 3 Braking and Acceleration
- 3.1 Motorcyclist Braking and Deceleration Capabilities
- 3.1.1 Motorcycles with Integrated, Linked, and Antilock Braking Systems
- 3.1.2 What Deceleration Can Motorcyclists Be Expected to Achieve?
- 3.2 Motorcycle and Rider Acceleration Capabilities
- 3.3 Determining Speed Based on Gear
- 3.3.1 Case Study: Determining Speed Based on Gear
- References
- CHAPTER 4 Cornering and Swerving
- 4.1 Analysis of a Motorcycle Traversing a Curve
- 4.1.1 Incorporating Roadway Superelevation
- 4.1.2 Example Lean Angle Calculation
- 4.1.3 Assumptions
- 4.1.4 Case Study: Application of the Lean Angle Equations at the Apex of a Curve
- 4.1.5 Case Study: Application of the Lean Angle Equations in the Time Domain
- 4.1.6 Friction-Limited Speed
- 4.1.7 Geometric Limit on Speed
- 4.1.8 Willingness to Lean
- 4.2 Lane Change, Swerve, and Turn-Away
- 4.3 Crashes Involving Passengers
- 4.4 Additional Data Acquisition Techniques
- 4.4.1 Harry's Lap Timer
- References
- CHAPTER 5 Physical Evidence from Motorcycle Crashes
- 5.1 Scene Evidence
- 5.1.1 Skid Marks
- 5.1.2 Gouges, Scrapes, Scuffs, and Tire Marks
- 5.1.3 Site Inspection Checklist
- 5.2 Evidence on the Motorcycle
- 5.2.1 Motorcycle Inspection Checklist
- 5.3 Damage to the Struck Vehicle
- 5.4 Evidence Documentation Methods
- 5.4.1 Mapping with LIDAR
- 5.4.2 Photogrammetry
- 5.4.2.1 Camera Reverse Projection
- 5.4.3 Removing Lens Distortion
- 5.4.4 Case Study: Photogrammetric Analysis of Video of a Motorcycle Accident
- 5.4.5 Case Study: Photogrammetric Analysis of Video of Another Motorcycle Accident
- 5.4.6 Image-Based Scanning
- 5.4.7 Mapping with Small Unmanned Aerial Vehicles
- 5.4.8 Incorporating Large-Scale Lidar Data into Photogrammetry
- References
- CHAPTER 6 Sliding and Tumbling of the Motorcycle and Rider
- 6.1 Typical Decelerations for a Sliding Motorcycle
- 6.2 Average Decelerations for a Sliding or Tumbling Rider
- 6.3 Determining the Initial Speed for a Sliding Motorcycle or Rider
- 6.3.1 Example Calculation of Motorcycle Speed at Onset of Sliding
- References
- CHAPTER 7 Motorcycle Falls
- 7.1 Low-Side Falls
- 7.1.1 Case Study: A Low-Side Fall
- 7.2 High-Side Falls
- 7.2.1 Case Study: A High-Side Fall
- 7.2.2 Case Study: A High-Side Fall
- 7.3 Impact-Induced Capsize
- 7.4 Analyzing the Motion of Projected Riders
- 7.4.1 Collins Model
- 7.4.2 Searle Model
- 7.4.3 Aronberg Model
- References
- CHAPTER 8 Motorcycle Collisions with Vehicles and Roadside Barriers
- 8.1 Analysis Based on Motorcycle Wheelbase Reduction
- 8.2 Determining Motorcycle Speed from the Struck Vehicle Translation and Rotation
- 8.2.1 Case Study: WREX2016, Test #3
- 8.2.2 Case Study: WREX2016, Test #5
- 8.2.3 Case Study: WREX2016, Test #8
- 8.2.4 Case Study: WREX2016, Test #11
- 8.2.5 Case Study: WREX2016, Test #22
- 8.2.6 Case Study: WREX2016, Test #23
- 8.2.7 Case Study: WREX2016, Test #24
- 8.2.8 Discussion of WREX Tests
- 8.2.9 Should the Rider's Weight Be Included?
- 8.3 Impacts into Moving Vehicles
- 8.4 Summary of Motorcycle-to-Car Collision Analysis Methods
- 8.4.1 Speed Analysis Based on Wheelbase Reduction
- 8.4.2 Speed Analysis Based on a Known Translation and Rotation of the Struck Vehicle
- 8.5 Motorcycle Collisions with Roadside Barriers
- 8.5.1 Case Study: Motorcycle-to-Roadside Barrier Crash Tests
- 8.5.1.1 Steel Guardrail: Upright
- 8.5.1.2 Concrete Barrier: Upright
- 8.5.1.3 Modified Steel Guardrail: Upright
- 8.5.1.4 Steel Guardrail: Capsized
- 8.5.1.5 Concrete Barrier: Capsized
- 8.5.1.6 Modified Steel Guardrail: Capsized
- References
- CHAPTER 9 Event Data Recorders in Motorcycle Accidents
- 9.1 Data from the Struck Vehicle
- 9.1.1 Case Study: Utilizing EDR Data from the Struck Vehicle
- 9.2 Data from the Motorcycle
- 9.2.1 Case Study: Video as a Source of Data from the Motorcycle
- References
- CHAPTER 10 Motorcycle Visibility and Conspicuity
- 10.1 Physical Factors Affecting Visibility
- 10.1.1 The Shape and Size of the Motorcycle
- 10.1.2 Foliage, Signage, and Other Environmental Elements
- 10.1.3 Visibility over Hill Crests
- 10.1.4 Visibility around a Corner
- 10.2 Motorcycle Operation That Affects Visibility
- 10.2.1 Lane Position
- 10.2.2 Maneuvering the Motorcycle within a Lane
- 10.2.3 Headlamp and Brake Modulation
- 10.3 Effectiveness of Daytime Running Lights on Motorcycles
- References
- CHAPTER 11 Motorcycles at Night
- 11.1 Clothing and Gear Worn by a Motorcyclist
- 11.2 Motorcycle Headlamps and Signal Lighting
- 11.3 Measuring Headlamp Performance
- 11.4 Computer Modeling of Headlamps
- 11.5 Terminology for Nighttime Visibility Analysis
- References
- CHAPTER 12 Human Factors in Motorcycle Crashes
- 12.1 Why Do Drivers Pull Out in Front of Motorcyclists?
- 12.2 The Perception-Response Process
- 12.3 Motorcyclists' Responses to a Laterally Incurring Vehicle
- 12.4 Motorcyclists' Braking Responses
- 12.5 Are Training and Licensing Effective?
- 12.6 Crash Injury Protection
- 12.7 Group Riding
- 12.8 Passenger Vehicle Driver Capabilities
- References
- CHAPTER 13 Visualization of Motorcycle Crashes
- 13.1 View from the Motorcyclist's Perspective
- 13.1.1 Mounting Equipment on the Motorcycle
- 13.1.2 Mounting Equipment on the Operator
- 13.1.3 Mounting Equipment on Another Vehicle
- 13.2 View of the Motorcycle from Other Vehicles
- 13.3 Camera Setup and Representing a Driver's View
- 13.3.1 Camera Height
- 13.3.2 Field of View
- 13.3.3 Scaling the Images for Playback
- 13.4 Computer Visualization of a Motorcycle Crash
- 13.4.1 Case Study: Visualization of a Nighttime Scenario
- 13.4.2 Case Study: Computer-Generated Visualization of a Truck Versus Motorcycle Crash
- References
- About the Authors
- Index
