
Polarization in Optical Fibers
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Content
- Polarization in Optical Fibers
- Contents
- Preface
- 1 The Wave Theory of Light
- 1.1 Introduction
- 1.2 Electromagnetic Waves
- 1.2.1 Velocity and Refractive Index
- 1.2.2 Energy, Power, and Intensity
- 1.2.3 Optical Polarization
- 1.3 Reflection and Refraction
- 1.4 Total Internal Reflection
- 1.5 Interference of Light
- 1.6 Diffraction
- 1.7 Group Velocity
- 1.8 Emission and Absorption of Light
- 1.9 Elements of Photodetection
- 1.10 Conclusions
- References
- Selected Bibliography
- 2 Optical Waveguiding
- 2.1 Introduction
- 2.2 The Slab Waveguide
- 2.3 Integrated Optics
- 2.4 Cylindrical Waveguides
- 2.5 Optical Fibers
- 2.6 Optical Fibers for Communications
- 2.6.1 Optical-Fiber Attenuation
- 2.6.2 Optical-Fiber Dispersion
- 2.7 Conclusions
- References
- Selected Bibliography
- 3 Elements of Polarization Optics
- 3.1 Introduction
- 3.2 The Polarization Ellipse
- 3.3 Crystal Optics
- 3.4 Retarding Waveplates
- 3.5 A Variable Waveplate: The Soleil-Babinet Compensator
- 3.6 Polarizing Prisms
- 3.7 Linear Birefringence
- 3.8 Circular Birefringence
- 3.9 Elliptical Birefringence
- 3.10 Polarization Analysis
- 3.11 The Form of the Jones Matrices
- 3.11.1 Linear Birefringence Matrix
- 3.11.2 Circular Birefringence Matrix
- 3.11.3 Elliptical Birefringence Matrix
- 3.11.4 The Essence of the Jones Calculus
- 3.11.5 The Retarder/Rotator Pair
- 3.12 Conclusions
- References
- Selected Bibliography
- 4 Polarization Effects in Optical Fibers
- 4.1 Introduction
- 4.2 Linear Polarization Effects in Optical Fibers
- 4.2.1 General Introduction
- 4.2.2 Polarization-Holding Waveguides
- 4.2.3 Bend-Induced Linear Birefringence
- 4.2.4 Twist-Induced Circular Birefringence
- 4.2.5 Twisted Linearly Birefringent Fiber
- 4.2.6 The Electro-Optic Effect
- 4.2.7 The Magneto-Optic Effect
- 4.2.8 Polarization-Dependent Loss/Gain
- 4.3 Nonlinear Polarization Effects in Optical Fibers
- 4.3.1 General Introduction
- 4.3.2 The Formalism of Nonlinear Optics
- 4.3.3 Nonlinear Effects in Optical Fibers
- 4.3.4 Second Harmonic Generation and Phase Matching
- 4.3.5 Optical Mixing
- 4.3.6 Intensity-Dependent Refractive Index
- 4.3.7 Optical Kerr Effect
- 4.3.8 Self-Phase Modulation
- 4.3.9 Four-Wave Mixing (FWM)
- 4.4 Solitons
- 4.5 Conclusions
- References
- 5 Practical Applications of Polarization Effects in Optical-Fiber Communications
- 5.1 Introduction
- 5.2 Optical Communications Systems
- 5.3 Polarization Phenomena in Components and Devices for Optical Communications
- 5.4 Polarization-Mode Dispersion (PMD)
- 5.4.1 Dependence on Optical Path Length
- 5.4.2 Distinction Between ''Long'' and ''Short'' Regimes-Correlation Length
- 5.4.3 Formal Analysis of PMD
- 5.4.4 The Statistics of PMD in Installed Fibers
- 5.4.5 Measurement of PMD
- 5.4.6 Compensation for PMD
- 5.5 Coherent Optical Communications Systems
- 5.6 Conclusion
- References
- 6 Polarimetric Optical-Fiber Sensing
- 6.1 Introduction
- 6.2 Point Sensors
- 6.2.1 Interferometric Sensors
- 6.3 Line-Integrating Polarimetric Sensors
- 6.3.1 Optical-Fiber Current Measurement
- 6.3.2 Direct Current Measurement
- 6.3.3 Voltage Measurement
- 6.4 Distributed Polarimetric Sensing
- 6.4.1 Introduction to Distributed Optical-Fiber Measurement
- 6.4.2 Polarization-Optical Time Domain Reflectometry (POTDR)
- 6.5 Conclusions
- References
- 7 Applications of Nonlinear Polarization Effects in Optical Fibers
- 7.1 Introduction
- 7.2 The Optical Kerr Effect in the Optical-Fiber Gyroscope
- 7.3 Nonlinear Distributed Sensing Methods
- 7.3.1 General
- 7.3.2 Frequency-Derived Distributed Optical-Fiber Sensing (FD/DOFS)
- 7.3.3 Polarization State Dependent Kerr Effect Forward-Scatter DOFS
- 7.3.4 Quasi-Distributed Sensing Using Photo-Induced Polarization Grating Couplers
- 7.4 Conclusions
- References
- 8 Epilogue
- Appendix A: Maxwell's Equations
- Appendix B: The Fourier Inversion Theorem
- Appendix C: The Polarization Ellipse
- Appendix D: Elliptical Birefringence
- Appendix E: Second Harmonic Generation
- About the Author
- Index
- Errata
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