
The Supreme Refuge
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Offers the first comprehensive analysis of the Hindu Great Goddess Durga, tracing her evolution from a minor goddess into a transcendent supreme deity central to Hindu theology and the ultimate refuge accessible to all.
This study provides the first comprehensive examination of the Hindu Great Goddess Durga, one of the most significant deities in the Hindu pantheon, who is celebrated annually during the Navaratra festival, a widely observed event across the Hindu world. Drawing on textual, inscriptional, and iconographic evidence, the study traces Durga's evolution from a minor goddess to her identification as the Mahadevi, or Great Goddess. It presents an alternative chronology for hymnic materials, aligning them more closely with early iconographic depictions and offering new insights into misidentified attributes of the goddess. The work incorporates evidence from beyond South Asia to contextualize external influences on Durga's persona and her central myths, particularly her defeat of the buffalo demon Mahi¿a. A detailed analysis of the myths in the influential Devi Mahatmya against earlier Puräic accounts highlights the text's sophisticated theological approach. Its strategy places Durga in a transcendent role while asserting her as the supreme deity and ultimate refuge, accessible to both kings and commoners in dire need of her support.
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Hillary P. Rodrigues is Professor Emeritus of Religious Studies at the University of Lethbridge. His previous books include Ritual Worship of the Great Goddess: The Liturgy of the Durga Puja with Interpretations and, coedited with Caleb Simmons and Moumita Sen, Nine Nights of the Goddess: The Navaratri Festival in South Asia, both published by SUNY Press.
Content
List of Illustrations
Preface and Acknowledgments
Abbreviations
A Note on Transliteration
A Note on Abbreviations
Introduction
1. Durga in Pre-Epic Literature
2. Durga in Epic Literature
3. Proto-Durgas in the Earliest Material Evidence
4. The Earliest Buffalo-Subduing Goddess Images
5. The Wondrous Diadem
6. The Peacock Standard
7. The Rise of Durga Mahi¿asuramardini
8. Durga in the Devi Mahatmya
9. Analyzing the Predicted Manifestations
10. Koavai and Victorious Goddess Imagery
11. The Shape-Shifting and Emerging Demon Imagery
12. Durga in the Early Puräas
13. Durga Triumphant
Appendix I: The Ratri Sukta
Appendix II: A Powerful Queen Defeats an Arrogant Emperor
Appendix III: Peacock Angel Worship Among the Yezidis
Timeline of Pertinent Events
Notes
Bibliography
Index
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