
Landmark Cases in Competition Law
Description
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Aspects covered include the following:
the public interest test;
bid-rigging in public procurement;
the entitlement of dominant companies to compete on a level footing with other companies;
the hard-to-draw line between legitimate competition and unlawful monopolizing conduct;
the dangers of eclectic borrowing in the development and interpretation of competition law rules;
horizontal price-fixing collusion 'hub and spoke' cartels;
resale price maintenance agreements and the U.S. 'rule of reason';
the increasing use of private enforcement and the right for victims of a competition law infringement to seek compensation;
merger control in energy markets and the political use of merger review rules to benefit domestic firms;
cooperation with criminal enforcement agencies and prosecutors;
the role courts play in undertaking adequate legal supervision of competition authorities;
leniency processes and obtaining access to 'confidential' whistleblowing documentation;
imposition of administrative fines and other deterrence-based sanctions; and
how the 'consumer welfare' standard is interpreted.
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Content
- Intro
- Series
- Title
- Copyright
- Editor and List of Contributors
- Summary of Contents
- Table of Contents
- Introduction
- Chapter 1 Australia
- §1.01 Introduction
- §1.02 Background
- §1.03 Facts of the Case
- [A] The Market and Its Participants
- [B] The Conduct
- [C] The Contraventions
- §1.04 The Decision
- §1.05 The Penalties
- [A] The Corporate Penalty
- [B] Individual Penalties
- §1.06 The Private Follow-On Litigation
- §1.07 Conclusion
- Chapter 2 Brazil
- §2.01 Introduction
- §2.02 Brazilian Antitrust Legal System
- §2.03 Background
- §2.04 The Beer Distribution System in Brazil
- §2.05 The Attempt to Destroy the Common Distribution System
- §2.06 The Position of the Brazilian Antitrust Authority
- §2.07 Conclusion
- Chapter 3 Canada
- §3.01 Introduction
- §3.02 The Facts and Legal Issues
- §3.03 The Decisions
- [A] Background
- [B] The Initial Decision
- [C] The First Appeal
- [D] The Second Decision
- [E] The Second Appeal
- §3.04 Discussion
- [A] Section 96
- [1] Section 96 at the Tribunal and Court of Appeal
- [2] An Ex Post Facto Justification for the Outcome on Section 96
- [3] A Puzzle in the Debate over Section 96
- [B] Superior Propane and Canadian Competition Policy Institutions
- [1] The Competition Bureau and Commissioner
- [2] The Tribunal
- [3] Federal Court of Appeal
- §3.05 Conclusion
- Chapter 4 European Union
- §4.01 Introduction
- §4.02 Competition Scrutiny of the Personal Computer Operating Systems' Market: The Case against Microsoft
- [A] The 2004 Commission Decision: of Media Players and Servers
- [B] The 2007 Microsoft Judgment: 'Old Wine' in 'New Skins'?
- [1] Refusals to License Interoperability Protocols: The Applicable Law
- [2] The Refusal to License Interconnection Protocols in the Microsoft Appeal-between Furthering Innovation and Supporting Rivalry
- [3] Restricting Competition by Design: Tying As Abusive Behaviour or As a 'Legitimate' Form of Technological Innovation?
- [C] Terminating Microsoft's 'Bad Behaviour': Necessity, Legality and Proportionality in the Determination of Competition Remedies in Article 102 TFEU Cases
- §4.03 From the 2007 Judgment to the 2009 Guidance Paper and beyond-Assessing the Legacy of a 'Landmark Case'
- [A] Protecting Competition or Protecting Competitors? the Impact of Microsoft on the Rules Governing Prima Facie Abusive Refusals to License
- [B] Tying, Technological Integration and Article 102 TFEU: Policing Dominant Undertakings by Controlling their Product Design Choices?
- §4.04 The 2007 Microsoft Judgment: A Landmark Case but for Dubious Reasons?
- §4.05 Conclusion
- Chapter 5 Germany
- §5.01 Introduction
- §5.02 The Background
- [A] Merger Control and Ministerial Authorization
- [B] German Energy Markets
- §5.03 Decision of the FCO
- [A] Merging Entities
- [B] Affected Markets
- [C] Anti-competitive Effects
- §5.04 The Public Interest Test
- [A] Reports of the Monopoly Commission
- [B] First Decision By the Minister
- [C] Judicial Intervention and Legal Issues
- §5.05 Conclusion
- Chapter 6 Hungary
- §6.01 Introduction
- §6.02 Legislative/Historical Background
- §6.03 Institutional Framework
- §6.04 Vertical Agreements
- §6.05 Facts of the Case
- §6.06 Legal Ruling and Reasoning
- [A] GVH's Decision
- [1] Vertical Agreements Regarding the Hourly Payments for Repair Works
- [2] Agreements between an Insurance Company and an Insurance Broker: Level of Commission
- [B] Judicial Review in the Insurance Cartel Case
- §6.07 Judgment of the Court of First Instance (Metropolitan Court)
- §6.08 Judgment of the Metropolitan Court of Appeal
- §6.09 Commentary On the Impact of This Landmark Case
- [A] Decision of Association of Undertakings: An Indicator of Competition Culture
- [B] Tying, Price-Fixing and Insurance Target Commissions in the Shadow of the Grey Economy
- [C] The Consumer Welfare Standard in Competition Law Enforcement
- §6.10 Conclusion
- Chapter 7 Italy
- §7.01 Introduction
- §7.02 Competition Law Enforcement in Italy
- §7.03 The Italian Competition Authority Decision in the Car Insurance Cartel
- §7.04 The Follow-On Actions Seeking Compensation
- [A] The Legal Dispute before the Giudice Di Pace
- [B] The Legal Dispute before the Corte Di Appello
- §7.05 The Corte Di Cassazione's View
- [A] The Decision of 2002: Consumers Cannot Invoke Antitrust Law
- [B] The Decisions of 2005 and of 2007: Antitrust Law Protects All Types of Entities within a Particular Market (Companies and Consumers)
- [C] The Decision of 2009: The Italian Competition Authority's Decision in Civil Proceedings
- §7.06 The Manfredi Case before the European Court of Justice
- [A] The Reference for a Preliminary Ruling by the Giudice Di Pace of Bitonto
- [B] The Decision of the Court of Justice
- [C] The Decision of the Giudice Di Pace of Bitonto
- §7.07 Conclusion
- Chapter 8 Japan
- §8.01 Introduction
- §8.02 The Saitama Saturday Club Case
- [A] Bid-Rigging in Saitama Prefecture
- [B] Enforcement by the Japan Fair Trade Commission
- [C] Public Outrage and Conviction for Bribery
- [D] The Damages Action by Local Saitama Residents
- §8.03 The Significance of the Case
- [A] The Beginning of a Surge in Damages Actions
- [B] An Illustration of the Difficulties Facing Japan's Antitrust Enforcement Agency
- [C] The Start of a Period of More Vigorous Public Enforcement
- [1] Criminal Cases after the Saitama Case
- [2] Higher Penalties
- [3] A More Competitive Bidding System
- [4] Stricter Guidelines on Public Bidding
- §8.04 Conclusion
- Chapter 9 The Netherlands
- §9.01 Introduction
- §9.02 Construction Cartels Been There, Done That?
- [A] The Cartel and the Whistleblower
- [B] Political Reaction
- §9.03 The Construction Case in Legal Terms
- §9.04 A Fast Lane Procedure at the NMa
- [A] The Taskforce Construction Industry
- [B] Fine-Reductions under the Fast Lane Procedure
- §9.05 Waiving of Procedural Rights versus Full Judicial Review
- [A] The Nature of Fast Lane Procedure Decisions
- [B] Waiving of Procedural Rights
- [C] Reformatio in Peius
- [D] Full Review of Facts and Fine versus Waiving of Procedural Rights
- [E] ECHR and CJEU on Full Review
- [F] The Tribunal's Review of Fast Lane Decisions
- [G] Finding the Balance
- §9.06 Investigative Measures
- [A] Forensic Imaging
- [B] Exchanging Information
- [C] Chinese Walls
- §9.07 Proof and Evidence of the Infringement
- [A] The NMa's Rule of Proof
- [B] Standard of Proof in Court
- §9.08 Cartel-Culture Shock Effects
- [A] End of Cartelization
- [B] Or Not?
- §9.09 Conclusion
- Chapter 10 New Zealand
- §10.01 Introduction
- §10.02 Clear versus Telecom
- [A] High Court
- [B] Court of Appeal
- [C] Privy Council
- §10.03 The Counterfactual Test
- [A] The Equal Right to Compete Premise
- [B] 'Taking Advantage' and the Counterfactual Test
- [C] The Weaknesses of the Counterfactual Test
- §10.04 An Opportunity Gone Begging: The Telecom (0867) Case
- §10.05 Conclusion
- Chapter 11 South Africa
- §11.01 Introduction
- §11.02 Regulatory Structure within Which the Ansac Cases Were Decided
- §11.03 A Basic Outline of the Ansac Cases and the Events That Gave Rise to These Cases
- §11.04 Procedural Aspects
- [A] The Nature of Complaint Procedures
- [B] Intervention by Outside Parties in Competition Matters
- [C] Applications for Interdicts by Intervenors
- [D] Appeals from the CAC to the Supreme Court of Appeal
- §11.05 The Two Substantive Issues
- [A] Per Se Horizontal Restrictions: Introduction
- [1] Per Se Horizontal Restrictions: Tribunal
- [2] Per Se Horizontal Restrictions: Competition Appeal Court
- [3] Per Se Horizontal Restrictions: Supreme Court of Appeal
- [B] Jurisdictional Issues
- §11.06 Conclusion
- §11.07 ANSAC Case Law Chronology and Citations
- Chapter 12 Spain
- §12.01 Introduction
- §12.02 Background
- §12.03 The Beginning of the Battle: Gas Natural Bid
- [A] Competition Law Issues
- [1] Does the Transaction Fall within the Scope of EU Merger Review?
- [2] Upward Referral to the European Commission from Portuguese and Italian Competition Authorities?
- [3] The Pre-merger Disposal Agreement: Up-front Buyer Proposal as an Anti-competitive Agreement?
- [4] Decision under the Spanish Domestic Merger Review System
- [5] Injunction against the Government's Decision
- [B] Energy Regulation Issues
- [C] Corporate Law and Securities Regulation Issues
- §12.04 A White Knight Comes on Stage: Eon enters the Battle
- §12.05 The End of the Battle: Enel and Acciona
- §12.06 Lessons from the Endesa Saga
- [A] Competition and Regulation as Defensive Tools against Hostile Takeovers
- [B] Government Intervention Distorting the Outcome of the Takeover Battle
- [C] Competition and Regulation
- [D] Political Interference and Influence Peddling in Business Decisions
- §12.07 Conclusion
- Chapter 13 United Kingdom
- §13.01 Introduction
- §13.02 The Investigation and Enforcement Background
- [A] OFT
- [1] Replica Football Kit
- [2] Toys and Games
- [B] Appeal to CAT/Court of Appeal
- [1] Replica Football Kit and Toys and Games-Liability
- [2] Replica Football Kit and Toys and Games-Penalty
- §13.03 The New Competition Regime in the UK and Compliance
- §13.04 Investigative Powers, Sanctions and Leniency
- [A] The OFT and Investigations
- [B] Penalties
- [C] Leniency
- §13.05 The Appeal Process and the Role of the CAT and CA
- §13.06 RPM and Trilateral Horizontal Arrangements
- §13.07 Follow-on Private Enforcement and Consumer Redress
- §13.08 Conclusion
- Chapter 14 United States
- §14.01 Introduction
- §14.02 Background
- [A] Short History of the Per Se Rule against Resale Price Maintenance
- [B] A Thumbnail of the Court's Decision
- §14.03 Jurisprudential Considerations
- [A] Stare Decisis
- [B] Congressional Intent
- §14.04 Policy Considerations
- [A] The Anticompetitive Effects of Resale Price Maintenance
- [B] The Procompetitive Effects of Resale Price Maintenance
- [C] Costs of the Per Se Rule
- [D] Costs of the Rule of Reason
- §14.05 The Effect of Leegin
- §14.06 Conclusion
- Index
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