
Surface and Defect Properties of Solids
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Content
- Surface and Defect Properties of Solids
- Contents
- Chapter 1 Intrazeolitic Transition-metal Ion Complexes
- 1 Introduction
- Zeolite Frameworks
- Ion Exchange
- Sites for Transition-metal Ions in Anhydrous Zeolites
- Surface Complexes
- 2 Experimental Techniques
- Optical Spectroscopy
- X-Ray Crystallography
- Electron Paramagnetic Resonance
- Other Experimental Techniques
- Adsorption Measurements
- 3 Properties of the 3dn Ions
- Energy Levels and Ligand Field Stabilization Energies
- Ligand Field Parameters and Electric Dipole Selection Rules for D3h and C3v Complexes
- Titanium
- Chromium
- Manganese
- Iron
- Cobalt
- Nickel
- Copper
- 4 Conclusion
- Chapter 2 The Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Some Thermodynamic Aspects of Steam Reforming Reactions
- A The Reactions of Hydrocarbons with Water
- B Other Reactions of Hydrocarbons
- C Equilibria between the Primary Reaction Products
- The Water-gas Shift Reaction
- The Methanation Reaction
- Product Distributions when Reactions (2) and (3) are at Equilibrium
- D Carbon Deposition Reactions
- E Catalyst Stability
- 3 Development of the Steam Reforming Process and Catalyst Formulation
- A Historical Development of the Processes
- B Catalyst Formulation
- The ICI Catalysts
- The Haldor-Topsoe Catalysts
- CRG Catalysts (British Gas)
- Nickel-Urania Catalysts (British Gas)
- C Effects of Catalyst Structure on the Activity and Selectivity of Steam Reforming Reactions
- Structural Effects in the CH4 + H20 Reaction
- Structural Effects in the C4H10 + H2O Reaction
- Structural Effects in the C2H6 + H2O Reaction
- 4 The Mechanism of the Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons
- A Possible Mechanisms
- Breakdown of the Hydrocarbon Skeleton
- Interconversion of CO and CH4
- The Formation of CO2
- B The Mechanism of the Steam Reforming of Higher Hydrocarbons
- Product Distributions
- Kinetics
- C The Interconversion of CH4 and CO
- D Mechanism of the Water-gas Shift Reaction under Steam Reforming Conditions
- 5 Loss of Catalytic Activity
- Chapter 3 Auger Electron Spectroscopy and its Applications in Surface Chemistry
- 1 Introduction
- The Auger Process and its Relation to Photoelectron Spectroscopy
- 2 Some Basic Considerations
- Energy of Auger Electrons
- Efficiency of the Auger Process
- Escape Depth of Auger Electrons
- Ionization Cross-Sections for Inner-shell Electrons
- Line Width and Line Shape
- Solid-state Broadening Effects
- 3 Auger Spectrometers
- 4 The Study of Chemical Changes by AES
- Technical Applications of AES
- 5 Other Applications of AES
- Elemental Surface Analysis
- Studies of Reaction Kinetics
- Quantitative AES
- 6 AES in Relation to other Electron Spectroscopies
- Chapter 4 The Behaviour of Metal Lattice Vacancies during Oxidation
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Direct Observations
- Metal Surface Acting as a Perfect Vacancy Sink/Source
- Point Defect Injection at Metal-Oxide Interface
- Hexagonal Metals
- Aluminium Alloys
- Intermetallic Compounds
- Silicon
- X-Ray Topography
- 3 Oxidation
- Kinetics of Oxidation
- Oxide-Metal Adhesion
- Duplex Oxide Scales
- 4 Mechanical Properties
- 5 Diffusion
- Chapter 5 Crystallographic Shear in Silicate Structures
- 1 Crystallographic Shear Planes
- 2 Crystallographic Shear in Silicates: Pyroxenes, Amphiboles, Talc, and Mica
- Relationships among the Crystal Structures
- Geochemical Relationships
- 3 Wadsley Defects
- Wadsley Defects in Amphiboles
- Occurrence and Frequency in Amphiboles
- Expected Non-stoicheiometry
- Wadsley Defects in Fibrous Amphiboles and their Effect on Physical Properties
- 4 Kinetic Aspects of CS Planes in Silicates
- Models for the Formation of CS Planes
- (i) 'Ordering and Shear' Model
- (ii) 'Dislocation' Model
- (iii) 'Co-operative Migration' Model
- (iv) 'Hairpin' Model
- Possible Role of CS Planes in Chemical Reactions
- 5 Summary and Conclusion
- Chapter 6 Transmission Electron Microscopy of Extended Defects in Alkali Halide Crystals
- 1 Introduction
- 2 Principles of Electron Microscopy
- Contrast from Perfect Crystals
- Contrast from Imperfect Crystals
- Statistics of Image Formation
- Resolution and Minimum Electron Density
- Phosphor Screen Response
- Photographic Emulsion Response
- 3 Thin Foil Preparation
- Crystallization
- Crystallization from Aqueous Solution
- Crystallization from the Melt
- Mechanical, Thermal, and Thermomechanical Thinning
- Mechanical Cleavage
- Thermomechanical Cleavage
- Thermal Evaporation
- Vapour Deposition
- Ion-beam Thinning
- Chemical Dissolution Methods
- Static Dissolution
- Dynamical Dissolution
- 4 Electron-Specimen Interaction
- Charge Acquisition
- Electron Irradiation Damage
- Radiolysis
- Energy Deposition in Thin Foils
- Defect Density
- Saturation Kinetics
- Damage Quenching
- Impurity Trapping
- Electron Microscopy at Liquid Helium Temperature
- Electron Beam Heating
- 5 Electron Microscopy of Point Defect Aggregates
- Interstitial Dislocation Loops
- Alkali Metal Colloids
- Halogen Bubbles
- 6 Electron Microscopy of Deformation Defects
- Intrinsic Deformation Behaviour
- Irradiation and Deformation
- Author Index
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