
Structured Finance
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investment banks and overpaid executives rather than the innovative financial
solutions it continues to provide. The initial response from the financial
markets was a move back to basics, to plain vanilla transactions.
Furthermore, many structured finance instruments, such as securitization,
derivatives and other structured products, are facing intense regulatory and
political scrutiny. These pressures notwithstanding, the potential of
structured finance will play an important part in facilitating the road to
recovery. This book explains why.
This book serves three purposes.
First it continues the analysis of structured finance, and in this sense
complements and updates the popular and highly acclaimed first edition of this
series (
Securitization Law and Practice in the Face of the Credit Crunch), with
plenty of focus on derivatives.
Second, the key milestones of the credit crunch are discussed with a focus on
their potential impact for the expected flow of litigation by aggrieved
investors against the perceived deep pockets of arrangers and rating agencies
around the world.
The third purpose is to illustrate ways in which the untapped potential of
structured finance may well facilitate the road to recovery.
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Content
- Cover
- Half Title Page
- Editorial Board
- Title Page
- Copyright Page
- Summary of Contents
- Table of Contents
- List of Abbreviations
- About the Authors
- Foreword
- PART I Legal Fallout From the Credit Crunch
- Chapter 1 The Credit Crunch
- I FACTS AND RELEVANCE
- 1.01 Credit Crunch
- 1.02 Credit Bubble
- 1.03 Subprime Crisis
- 1.04 Role of the Securitization Market
- 1.05 Regulatory Environment
- 1.06 Slice and Dice
- 1.07 Spillover Effect
- 1.08 Monolines
- 1.09 Wrap
- 1.10 Timing of Payment
- 1.11 Disputes
- 1.12 Wholesale Mortgage Banks
- 1.13 Structured Investment Vehicles
- 1.14 Banks and SIVs
- 1.15 Structure
- 1.16 SIV Litigation
- 1.17 Orion Finance
- 1.18 Cheyne Finance
- 1.19 Whistlejacket Capital
- 1.20 Credit Derivative Product Companies
- 1.21 Lehman Brothers
- 1.22 AIG
- 1.23 CDOs
- 1.24 Litigation
- 1.25 Interbank Lending Breakdown
- 1.26 Mainstream Banks
- 1.27 Sovereigns
- II BLAME GAME
- 1.28 Blame Game
- 1.29 Causes
- 1.30 Securitization?
- 1.31 Subprime Mortgage Crisis
- 1.32 Lax Underwriting
- 1.33 Complexity and (Lack of) Due Diligence
- 1.34 Credit Derivatives?
- Chapter 2 The Response
- 2.01 Introduction
- I THE EFFECT ON STRUCTURED FINANCE
- 2.02 Introduction
- 2.03 Securitization Generally
- 2.04 Retained Transactions
- 2.05 Example Retained Transaction
- 2.06 CDOs
- 2.07 Alternatives
- II THE RESPONSE
- 2.08 Industry Response
- 2.09 Regulators
- 2.10 Liquidity
- 2.11 Further ECB Action
- 2.12 Capital Adequacy
- 2.13 Transparency
- 2.14 Government Support
- III RATING AGENCIES
- 2.15 Rating Agencies
- 2.16 Systemic Risk
- 2.17 Criticism of Rating Agencies
- 2.18 Conflict of Interest
- 2.19 Changes in Methodology
- 2.20 Errors in Risk Models
- 2.21 Lack of Transparency
- 2.22 Regulatory Response
- 2.23 Regulatory Action
- 2.24 Rating Agency Response
- 2.25 Rating Agency Liability
- 2.26 Lawsuits
- 2.27 Counterparty Risk
- IV INVESTORS' ATTEMPTS TO RECOUP LOSSES
- 2.28 Overview
- 2.29 Misrepresentation
- 2.30 Remedies
- 2.31 Negligence
- 2.32 Change of Circumstances
- 2.33 KIKO
- 2.34 Minibonds
- 2.35 Health Warnings
- 2.36 Torquay
- 2.37 Advisory Duty of Care
- 2.38 Pre-Action Disclosure
- 2.39 Supervisory Liability
- V IMPACT ON DOCUMENTATION
- 2.40 Documentation
- 2.41 Practical Considerations
- 2.42 Simplicity
- 2.43 Market Flex
- 2.44 Material Adverse Change
- 2.45 Market Disruption
- 2.46 Yank-a-Bank
- VI DEVELOPMENTS IN STRUCTURED FINANCE
- 2.47 Overview
- 2.48 No Action Clauses
- 2.49 Legal Opinions in Emerging Markets
- PART II Structured Finance Products
- Chapter 3 Preparation and Due Diligence
- 3.01 Preparation
- 3.02 Originator Due Diligence
- 3.03 Due Diligence Questionnaire
- 3.04 Best Practices
- 3.05 Structured Finance Products
- Chapter 4 Securitization Products
- 4.01 Overview
- 4.02 Guarantee
- 4.03 ABS
- I FUTURE FLOW SECURITIZATION
- 4.04 Future Flow
- 4.05 DPR
- 4.06 Assets
- 4.07 Drivers
- 4.08 General Risks
- 4.09 Legal Risks
- 4.10 Structure
- 4.11 Differences
- 4.12 DPRs in Detail
- 4.13 Payment Order
- 4.14 Depositary Bank
- 4.15 Originator
- 4.16 Due Diligence
- 4.17 Opinions
- II SECURITIZATION OF POOLS OF NPLs AND SINGLE DAs
- 4.18 Introduction
- 4.19 What Are the So-Called NPLs?
- 4.20 FAS 157
- 4.21 Classification
- 4.22 Distressed Assets
- 4.23 Non-performing Loans
- 4.24 Causes of NPLs
- 4.25 Effects of NPLs
- 4.26 NPL Resolution Methods
- 4.27 Securitization of NPLs
- 4.28 Advantages and Disadvantages
- 4.29 Structure of an NPL Securitization Deal
- 4.30 Existing Hurdles
- 4.31 Some Examples of NPL Securitizations
- 4.32 Perspectives
- III SOVEREIGN SECURITIZATION
- 4.33 Sovereign Securitization
- 4.34 Future Flow
- 4.35 Tax Receivables
- 4.36 Key Risk Factors
- 4.37 Political Risk
- 4.38 Structural Features
- 4.39 Tax Payer Protection
- 4.40 Tax Secrecy
- 4.41 Servicing
- 4.42 Government Debt
- 4.43 Pension Funds
- 4.44 Emerging Economies
- IV NEGATIVE EQUITY SECURITIZATION
- 4.45 Negative Equity
- 4.46 Introduction
- 4.47 Background
- 4.48 Structure - Warehousing Phase
- 4.49 Securitization Phase
- 4.50 Commercial Factors
- 4.51 Cash Flow
- 4.52 Interest: Senior Certificate Holder Versus Junior Certificate Holders
- 4.53 Interest: Subordinated Certificate Holder Versus Residual Certificate Holders
- 4.54 Principal
- 4.55 Loss
- 4.56 Taxation Considerations
- 4.57 Future Applications
- Chapter 5 Alternative Products
- I COVERED BONDS
- 5.01 Covered Bonds
- 5.02 Effect of the Credit Crunch
- 5.03 ECB Covered Bond Program
- 5.04 Historical Context
- 5.05 Benefits
- 5.06 Similarities
- 5.07 Differences
- 5.08 Structural Features
- 5.09 Structures
- 5.10 Integrated Structure
- 5.11 Segregated Structure
- 5.12 Eligible Assets
- 5.13 Derivatives
- 5.14 Principal Assets
- 5.15 Further Considerations
- II ABCP
- 5.16 Overview
- 5.17 Structure
- III ISLAMIC FINANCE
- 5.18 Overview
- PART III Derivative Products
- Chapter 6 Derivatives Overview
- 6.01 Introduction
- 6.02 Perspective
- 6.03 Definition
- 6.04 Risks
- 6.05 Legal Risk
- 6.06 Re-characterization
- 6.07 Suitability
- 6.08 Operational Risk
- 6.09 Regulatory Response
- Chapter 7 ISDA Documentation
- I THE ISDA MASTER AGREEMENT
- 7.01 ISDA
- 7.02 Master Agreement
- 7.03 History
- 7.04 Architecture
- 7.05 Pillars
- 7.06 Set-Up of Master Agreement
- 7.07 Preamble and Interpretation
- 7.08 Single Agreement
- 7.09 General Conditions
- 7.10 Payment Netting
- 7.11 Withholding Tax
- 7.12 Basic Representations
- 7.13 Absence of Certain Events
- 7.14 Absence of Litigation
- 7.15 Accuracy of Specified Information
- 7.16 Tax Representations
- 7.17 No Agency
- 7.18 Covenants
- 7.19 Events of Default and Termination Events
- 7.20 Failure to Pay
- 7.21 Breach of Agreement
- 7.22 Repudiation
- 7.23 Credit Support Default
- 7.24 Misrepresentation
- 7.25 Default under Specified Transaction
- 7.26 Cross-Default
- 7.27 Bankruptcy
- 7.28 Merger without Assumption
- 7.29 Additional Events of Default
- 7.30 Termination Events
- 7.31 Illegality
- 7.32 Force Majeure
- 7.33 Hierarchy of Events
- 7.34 Tax Event
- 7.35 Tax Event upon Merger
- 7.36 Credit Event upon Merger
- 7.37 Additional Termination Events
- 7.38 Deferral of Payments and Deliveries During Waiting Period
- 7.39 Early Termination
- 7.40 Automatic Early Termination
- 7.41 Close-Out Amount
- 7.42 Market Quotation versus Loss
- 7.43 First Method versus Second Method
- 7.44 Calculation of Close-Out Amount
- 7.45 Close-Out Amount Protocol
- 7.46 Set-Off
- 7.47 Transfer
- 7.48 Contractual Currency
- 7.49 Non-reliance
- 7.50 Representations of the Parties
- 7.51 Counterparts and Confirmations
- 7.52 Interest and Compensation
- 7.53 Offices and Multibranch Parties
- 7.54 Expenses
- 7.55 Notices
- 7.56 Governing Law and Jurisdiction
- 7.57 Counterparty Defaults
- 7.58 Protocols
- 7.59 Schedule
- 7.60 Confirmation
- 7.61 Implied Terms
- 7.62 Derivative Documentation in China
- 7.63 Shariah-Compliant Master Agreement
- II THE ISDA SCHEDULE IN STRUCTURED FINANCE TRANSACTIONS
- 7.64 Finance-Linked
- 7.65 ISDA-LMA Mismatch
- 7.66 Debt Finance
- 7.67 Swap Exposure
- 7.68 Close-Out Amount
- 7.69 Waterfall
- 7.70 Sharing
- 7.71 ISDA Schedule for Securitization
- 7.72 Hedge Criteria
- 7.73 Derivatives and Covered Bonds
- 7.74 Covered Bond Schedule
- 7.75 Registration
- 7.76 Termination Rights
- III THE ISDA CREDIT SUPPORT ANNEX
- 7.77 Introduction
- 7.78 Collateral Arrangements
- 7.79 Benefits
- 7.80 Risks
- 7.81 Documentation Structure
- 7.82 Credit Support Impact on Financing
- 7.83 EU Collateral Directive
- 7.84 Paragraph 11
- 7.85 Base and Eligible Currencies
- 7.86 Credit Support Obligations
- 7.87 Eligible Credit Support
- 7.88 Thresholds
- 7.89 Valuation Agent
- 7.90 Valuation Date
- 7.91 Exchange
- 7.92 Dispute Resolution
- 7.93 Distributions and Interest Amounts
- 7.94 Other Provisions
- 7.95 Alignment with 2002 ISDA Master Agreement
- 7.96 CSAs for SPVs
- Chapter 8 Derivative Products
- I CREDIT DERIVATIVES
- 8.01 Introduction
- 8.02 Credit Crunch Fallout
- 8.03 Systemic Risk
- 8.04 Shorting Credit
- 8.05 Leverage
- 8.06 Liquidity
- 8.07 Moral Hazard
- 8.08 Developments
- 8.09 Reclassification of Credit Derivatives
- 8.10 Regulatory Recharacterization
- 8.11 Case Law
- 8.12 Transparency
- 8.13 Counterparty Risk
- 8.14 Dealer Perspective
- 8.15 Operational Issues
- 8.16 Settlement Developments
- 8.17 Uniform CDS Settlement Agreement
- 8.18 Protocol
- 8.19 List of Obligations
- 8.20 Auction Process
- 8.21 Big Bang Protocol
- 8.22 Determinations Committees
- 8.23 Auction Settlement
- 8.24 Look-Back
- 8.25 CDS Indices
- 8.26 Loan CDS
- II EQUITY DERIVATIVES
- 8.27 Introduction
- 8.28 Equity Swaps
- 8.29 Hedging of Swap Exposure by the Counterparty
- 8.30 Use of Cash-Settled Equity Swaps in Takeovers
- 8.31 The Austral Coal Takeover
- 8.32 Conclusion
- 8.33 Impact of Proposals
- III FUND-LINKED DERIVATIVES
- 8.34 Introduction
- 8.35 Drivers
- 8.36 Risks
- 8.37 Recharacterization Risk
- 8.38 Products
- 8.39 Documentation
- 8.40 Termination Events
- 8.41 Confirmations
- 8.42 CFO Example
- IV PROPERTY DERIVATIVES
- 8.43 Introduction
- 8.44 Rationale
- 8.45 Exposure to Property
- 8.46 Direct Investment
- 8.47 MBS
- 8.48 CRE CDO
- 8.49 REITs
- 8.50 Property Funds
- 8.51 Comparison
- 8.52 Drivers
- 8.53 Risks
- 8.54 Products
- 8.55 Forwards
- 8.56 Total Return Swaps
- 8.57 Options
- 8.58 Notes
- 8.59 Documentation
- 8.60 Property Definitions
- 8.61 Index Reliability
- 8.62 Delay in Publication
- 8.63 Adjustments
- 8.64 Rebasing
- 8.65 Error in Publication
- 8.66 Index Disruption
- 8.67 Delayed Publication
- 8.68 Index Discontinuance
- 8.69 Methodology Event
- 8.70 Consequences of an Index Disruption Event
- 8.71 Additional Representation and Agreements
- 8.72 Annex A
- 8.73 Disclaimer
- 8.74 Confirmations
- 8.75 Form X and Form Y
- 8.76 TRS Templates
- 8.77 Forward Template
- V ABS AND MBS INDEX DERIVATIVES
- 8.78 Introduction
- 8.79 ABS Index
- 8.80 CMBS Indices
- 8.81 Documentation
- 8.82 Eligibility Criteria
- 8.83 Rolling Process
- VI INFLATION DEFINITIONS
- 8.84 Documentation
- 8.85 Inflation definitions
- 8.86 Index Delay and Disruption
- 8.87 Annex A
- VII WEATHER DERIVATIVES
- 8.88 Introduction
- 8.89 Rationale
- 8.90 Exposure to Weather
- 8.91 Drivers
- 8.92 Risks
- 8.93 Legal Risk
- 8.94 Basis Risk
- 8.95 Moral Hazard
- 8.96 Risk of Loss
- 8.97 Index Reliability
- 8.98 Products
- 8.99 Building Blocks
- 8.100 Confirmations
- 8.101 Mechanics
- 8.102 Payment Amount
- 8.103 Availability of Index Data
- 8.104 Data Correction
- 8.105 Weather Index Swap Example
- 8.106 Weather Index Option Example
- 8.107 Natural Catastrophe Derivatives
- 8.108 Structure
- 8.109 Applicable Events
- 8.110 Conditions to Settlement
- 8.111 Covered Event
- 8.112 Applicable Report
- 8.113 Covered Event Notice
- 8.114 Ongoing Event
- 8.115 NatCat Swap Example
- 8.116 Recharacterization
- 8.117 Natural Catastrophe Bonds
- 8.118 Swaps
- 8.119 Covered Events
- 8.120 Structural Features
- 8.121 Weather Derivatives, an Australian Perspective
- 8.122 Structure
- 8.123 Weather Bonds
- 8.124 Weather Derivatives, Weather Bonds and Insurance
- 8.125 Conclusion
- VIII MORTALITY DERIVATIVES
- 8.126 Introduction
- 8.127 Mortality Derivatives
- 8.128 Life Insurance Policies
- 8.129 Repackaging Life Insurance Policies
- 8.130 Insurable Interest Risk
- 8.131 Conclusion
- Index
- Back Cover
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