Anaphylaxis
1st Edition
Published on 2. June 2010
228 pages
978-3-8055-9442-4 (ISBN)
Available for download
Description
Anaphylaxis is the most dramatic and potentially life-threatening manifestation of an immediate-type hypersensitivity reaction. Although known for over 100 years, it still poses many unresolved questions, and its practical management and acute treatment are often more empiric in nature than evidence-based. In this book a multidisciplinary group of experts review the state of the art in the pathophysiology, epidemiology, diagnosis and clinical symptomatology of anaphylaxis. Its etiology with regard to different elicitors such as insect venoms, radiocontrast media, analgesics, general and local anesthetics is examined in detail. Finally, treatment modalities for anaphylaxis are discussed both for acute reactions and as general management recommendations for patients at risk. Providing thorough and up-to-date coverage of this frequently underestimated problem, this book is of interest not only to allergologists and immunologists, but also to all physicians and affected patients.
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J. Ring
Anaphylaxis
Book
06/2010
1st Edition
S. Karger
€197.95
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Content
1 - Cover [Seite 1]
2 - Contents [Seite 6]
3 - Preface [Seite 12]
4 - History and Epidemiology [Seite 28]
4.1 - History and Classification of Anaphylaxis [Seite 28]
4.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 28]
4.1.2 - History [Seite 29]
4.1.3 - Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis [Seite 31]
4.1.4 - Clinical Symptomatology [Seite 33]
4.1.5 - Management of Anaphylaxis [Seite 36]
4.1.6 - Allergens and Elicitors [Seite 36]
4.1.7 - References [Seite 37]
4.2 - Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis [Seite 39]
4.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 39]
4.2.2 - Sources of Information on the Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis [Seite 39]
4.2.3 - Limitations [Seite 40]
4.2.4 - Causes of Anaphylaxis [Seite 40]
4.2.5 - Food [Seite 40]
4.2.6 - Drugs [Seite 42]
4.2.7 - Insect Venom Anaphylaxis [Seite 43]
4.2.8 - Biphasic Anaphylactic Reaction [Seite 44]
4.2.9 - Age [Seite 44]
4.2.10 - Atopy [Seite 45]
4.2.11 - Geography [Seite 45]
4.2.12 - Gender [Seite 45]
4.2.13 - Socioeconomic Status [Seite 46]
4.2.14 - References [Seite 46]
5 - Mechanisms [Seite 49]
5.1 - T-Cell Response to Allergens [Seite 49]
5.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 49]
5.1.2 - Allergen Recognition by the Immune System [Seite 50]
5.1.3 - Conclusion [Seite 64]
5.1.4 - Acknowledgements [Seite 64]
5.1.5 - References [Seite 64]
5.2 - Anaphylaxis: Mechanisms of Mast Cell Activation [Seite 72]
5.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 72]
5.2.2 - Use of Mouse Models to Study Anaphylaxis [Seite 73]
5.2.3 - IgE-Dependent Anaphylaxis: Fc?RI Signaling [Seite 76]
5.2.4 - Factors Modulating (or 'Tuning') Fc?RI-Dependent Mast Cell Functional Activation [Seite 84]
5.2.5 - Other Immune and Non-Immune Mechanisms of Anaphylaxis [Seite 88]
5.2.6 - Concluding Remarks [Seite 89]
5.2.7 - References [Seite 90]
5.3 - Kinins, Airway Obstruction, and Anaphylaxis [Seite 94]
5.3.1 - Abstract [Seite 94]
5.3.2 - Introduction [Seite 95]
5.3.3 - Proteins [Seite 96]
5.3.4 - Mechanisms of Bradykinin Formation (Contact Activation) [Seite 97]
5.3.5 - Cell Surface Assembly of the Plasma Kinin-Forming Cascade [Seite 99]
5.3.6 - Kinin Formation at the Surface of Endothelial Cells [Seite 100]
5.3.7 - Angioedema [Seite 100]
5.3.8 - C1 Inhibitor Deficiency [Seite 101]
5.3.9 - Acquired C1 Inhibitor Deficiency [Seite 104]
5.3.10 - Other Hereditary and Non-Hereditary Angioedemas [Seite 106]
5.3.11 - Kinins and Anaphylactic-Like Reactions [Seite 106]
5.3.12 - References [Seite 107]
5.4 - Role for Basophils in Systemic Anaphylaxis [Seite 112]
5.4.1 - Abstract [Seite 112]
5.4.2 - Biology of Basophils [Seite 112]
5.4.3 - Newly Identified Roles for Basophils [Seite 114]
5.4.4 - A Crucial Role for Basophils in Anaphylaxis [Seite 116]
5.4.5 - Perspective [Seite 122]
5.4.6 - References [Seite 122]
5.5 - Human Cardiac Mast Cells in Anaphylaxis [Seite 125]
5.5.1 - Abstract [Seite 125]
5.5.2 - Human Heart Mast Cells [Seite 126]
5.5.3 - Preformed Mediators Synthesized by HHMC [Seite 126]
5.5.4 - Lipid Mediators de novo Synthesized by HHMC [Seite 128]
5.5.5 - Cytokines Synthesized by HHMC [Seite 128]
5.5.6 - Immunologic and Non-Immunologic Stimuli that Activate HHMC in vitro [Seite 129]
5.5.7 - Role of HHMC in Systemic and Cardiac Anaphylaxis [Seite 130]
5.5.8 - Cardiovascular Effects of Histamine Infusion in Man [Seite 130]
5.5.9 - Effects of Activation of the H1 Receptor on Coronary Hemodynamics in Man [Seite 131]
5.5.10 - Hemodynamic Effects of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Man [Seite 132]
5.5.11 - Conclusions [Seite 132]
5.5.12 - Acknowledgements [Seite 133]
5.5.13 - References [Seite 134]
6 - Diagnosis and Clinical Symptomatology [Seite 137]
6.1 - Mastocytosis [Seite 137]
6.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 137]
6.1.2 - Description [Seite 138]
6.1.3 - Pathogenesis [Seite 138]
6.1.4 - Clinical Features [Seite 139]
6.1.5 - Mastocytosis and Anaphylaxis [Seite 143]
6.1.6 - Diagnosis [Seite 145]
6.1.7 - Therapy [Seite 146]
6.1.8 - Acknowledgement [Seite 149]
6.1.9 - References [Seite 150]
6.2 - In vitro Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis [Seite 152]
6.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 152]
6.2.2 - Diagnosis of Anaphylactic Reaction [Seite 153]
6.2.3 - Drugs [Seite 156]
6.2.4 - Latex [Seite 160]
6.2.5 - Anisakis Allergy [Seite 160]
6.2.6 - Insect Venom Allergy [Seite 160]
6.2.7 - Foods [Seite 161]
6.2.8 - Diagnosis by Components. Microarrays to Determine Specific IgE [Seite 163]
6.2.9 - Acknowledgements [Seite 164]
6.2.10 - References [Seite 164]
7 - Allergens and Elicitors [Seite 168]
7.1 - Insect Venoms [Seite 168]
7.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 168]
7.1.2 - Taxonomy and Biology of Responsible Insects [Seite 168]
7.1.3 - Allergens in Hymenoptera Venoms [Seite 172]
7.1.4 - Clinical Presentation of Anaphylaxis to Hymenoptera Venoms [Seite 175]
7.1.5 - Epidemiologic Aspects [Seite 175]
7.1.6 - Diagnosis [Seite 176]
7.1.7 - Prevention and Emergency Treatment [Seite 178]
7.1.8 - Immunotherapy [Seite 178]
7.1.9 - References [Seite 181]
7.2 - Classification and Pathophysiology of Radiocontrast Media Hypersensitivity [Seite 184]
7.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 184]
7.2.2 - Classification of Adverse Reactions to Radiographic Contrast Media [Seite 185]
7.2.3 - Clinical Presentation of Radiocontrast Media Hypersensitivity [Seite 186]
7.2.4 - Pathophysiology of Immediate Reactions [Seite 187]
7.2.5 - Pathophysiology of Non-Immediate Reactions [Seite 190]
7.2.6 - Diagnosis [Seite 192]
7.2.7 - Prevention [Seite 194]
7.2.8 - Acknowledgements [Seite 195]
7.2.9 - References [Seite 195]
7.3 - Analgesics [Seite 197]
7.3.1 - Abstract [Seite 197]
7.3.2 - Historical Note [Seite 197]
7.3.3 - Classification [Seite 200]
7.3.4 - Aspirin-Induced Asthma [Seite 200]
7.3.5 - Prevention and Treatment [Seite 202]
7.3.6 - Aspirin-Sensitive Urticaria/Angioedema [Seite 203]
7.3.7 - Hypersensitivity to Pyrazolones [Seite 203]
7.3.8 - Allergic Anaphylactic Reactions to NSAIDs [Seite 204]
7.3.9 - Acknowledgements [Seite 205]
7.3.10 - References [Seite 205]
7.4 - Anaphylaxis to General Anesthetics [Seite 207]
7.4.1 - Abstract [Seite 207]
7.4.2 - Epidemiology [Seite 208]
7.4.3 - Specific Clinical Features of Anesthesia Induced Anaphylaxis [Seite 208]
7.4.4 - Population at Risk [Seite 210]
7.4.5 - Causal Agents [Seite 210]
7.4.6 - Conclusion [Seite 215]
7.4.7 - References [Seite 215]
7.5 - Anaphylactic Reactions to Local Anesthetics [Seite 217]
7.5.1 - Abstract [Seite 217]
7.5.2 - Chemical Structure [Seite 218]
7.5.3 - Clinical Symptomatology [Seite 219]
7.5.4 - Toxicity [Seite 220]
7.5.5 - Pharmacologic Effect [Seite 220]
7.5.6 - Hypersensitivity Reactions [Seite 220]
7.5.7 - Results of Skin Test and Provocation Test Procedures [Seite 221]
7.5.8 - Psychosomatic Involvement [Seite 222]
7.5.9 - Reverse Placebo Provocation [Seite 223]
7.5.10 - Diagnostic Work-Up [Seite 224]
7.5.11 - Conclusion [Seite 224]
7.5.12 - Acknowledgement [Seite 225]
7.5.13 - References [Seite 226]
8 - Treatment and Prevention [Seite 228]
8.1 - Anaphylaxis: Acute Treatment and Management [Seite 228]
8.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 228]
8.1.2 - Basic General Treatment Modalities [Seite 229]
8.1.3 - Epinephrine (Adrenaline) [Seite 230]
8.1.4 - Glucocorticosteroids [Seite 231]
8.1.5 - Antihistamines [Seite 232]
8.1.6 - Volume Replacement [Seite 232]
8.1.7 - Additional Drugs [Seite 233]
8.1.8 - General Management of Patients Having Undergone an Anaphylactic Reaction [Seite 233]
8.1.9 - References [Seite 234]
8.2 - Epinephrine (Adrenaline) in Anaphylaxis [Seite 238]
8.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 238]
8.2.2 - Pharmacologic Activity [Seite 239]
8.2.3 - Therapeutic Window [Seite 240]
8.2.4 - Epinephrine: Evidence Base for Use in Anaphylaxis [Seite 240]
8.2.5 - Epinephrine Dosing [Seite 241]
8.2.6 - Epinephrine Autoinjector Use in First-Aid Treatment [Seite 242]
8.2.7 - Alternative Routes of Epinephrine Administration for First-Aid Treatment [Seite 244]
8.2.8 - Reason for Failure to Inject Epinephrine Promptly [Seite 244]
8.2.9 - Reasons for Occasional Lack of Response to Epinephrine [Seite 245]
8.2.10 - Context of Epinephrine Use as First-Aid Treatment [Seite 245]
8.2.11 - Future Directions [Seite 246]
8.2.12 - References [Seite 247]
9 - Author Index [Seite 250]
10 - Subject Index [Seite 251]
2 - Contents [Seite 6]
3 - Preface [Seite 12]
4 - History and Epidemiology [Seite 28]
4.1 - History and Classification of Anaphylaxis [Seite 28]
4.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 28]
4.1.2 - History [Seite 29]
4.1.3 - Pathophysiology of Anaphylaxis [Seite 31]
4.1.4 - Clinical Symptomatology [Seite 33]
4.1.5 - Management of Anaphylaxis [Seite 36]
4.1.6 - Allergens and Elicitors [Seite 36]
4.1.7 - References [Seite 37]
4.2 - Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis [Seite 39]
4.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 39]
4.2.2 - Sources of Information on the Epidemiology of Anaphylaxis [Seite 39]
4.2.3 - Limitations [Seite 40]
4.2.4 - Causes of Anaphylaxis [Seite 40]
4.2.5 - Food [Seite 40]
4.2.6 - Drugs [Seite 42]
4.2.7 - Insect Venom Anaphylaxis [Seite 43]
4.2.8 - Biphasic Anaphylactic Reaction [Seite 44]
4.2.9 - Age [Seite 44]
4.2.10 - Atopy [Seite 45]
4.2.11 - Geography [Seite 45]
4.2.12 - Gender [Seite 45]
4.2.13 - Socioeconomic Status [Seite 46]
4.2.14 - References [Seite 46]
5 - Mechanisms [Seite 49]
5.1 - T-Cell Response to Allergens [Seite 49]
5.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 49]
5.1.2 - Allergen Recognition by the Immune System [Seite 50]
5.1.3 - Conclusion [Seite 64]
5.1.4 - Acknowledgements [Seite 64]
5.1.5 - References [Seite 64]
5.2 - Anaphylaxis: Mechanisms of Mast Cell Activation [Seite 72]
5.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 72]
5.2.2 - Use of Mouse Models to Study Anaphylaxis [Seite 73]
5.2.3 - IgE-Dependent Anaphylaxis: Fc?RI Signaling [Seite 76]
5.2.4 - Factors Modulating (or 'Tuning') Fc?RI-Dependent Mast Cell Functional Activation [Seite 84]
5.2.5 - Other Immune and Non-Immune Mechanisms of Anaphylaxis [Seite 88]
5.2.6 - Concluding Remarks [Seite 89]
5.2.7 - References [Seite 90]
5.3 - Kinins, Airway Obstruction, and Anaphylaxis [Seite 94]
5.3.1 - Abstract [Seite 94]
5.3.2 - Introduction [Seite 95]
5.3.3 - Proteins [Seite 96]
5.3.4 - Mechanisms of Bradykinin Formation (Contact Activation) [Seite 97]
5.3.5 - Cell Surface Assembly of the Plasma Kinin-Forming Cascade [Seite 99]
5.3.6 - Kinin Formation at the Surface of Endothelial Cells [Seite 100]
5.3.7 - Angioedema [Seite 100]
5.3.8 - C1 Inhibitor Deficiency [Seite 101]
5.3.9 - Acquired C1 Inhibitor Deficiency [Seite 104]
5.3.10 - Other Hereditary and Non-Hereditary Angioedemas [Seite 106]
5.3.11 - Kinins and Anaphylactic-Like Reactions [Seite 106]
5.3.12 - References [Seite 107]
5.4 - Role for Basophils in Systemic Anaphylaxis [Seite 112]
5.4.1 - Abstract [Seite 112]
5.4.2 - Biology of Basophils [Seite 112]
5.4.3 - Newly Identified Roles for Basophils [Seite 114]
5.4.4 - A Crucial Role for Basophils in Anaphylaxis [Seite 116]
5.4.5 - Perspective [Seite 122]
5.4.6 - References [Seite 122]
5.5 - Human Cardiac Mast Cells in Anaphylaxis [Seite 125]
5.5.1 - Abstract [Seite 125]
5.5.2 - Human Heart Mast Cells [Seite 126]
5.5.3 - Preformed Mediators Synthesized by HHMC [Seite 126]
5.5.4 - Lipid Mediators de novo Synthesized by HHMC [Seite 128]
5.5.5 - Cytokines Synthesized by HHMC [Seite 128]
5.5.6 - Immunologic and Non-Immunologic Stimuli that Activate HHMC in vitro [Seite 129]
5.5.7 - Role of HHMC in Systemic and Cardiac Anaphylaxis [Seite 130]
5.5.8 - Cardiovascular Effects of Histamine Infusion in Man [Seite 130]
5.5.9 - Effects of Activation of the H1 Receptor on Coronary Hemodynamics in Man [Seite 131]
5.5.10 - Hemodynamic Effects of Cysteinyl Leukotrienes in Man [Seite 132]
5.5.11 - Conclusions [Seite 132]
5.5.12 - Acknowledgements [Seite 133]
5.5.13 - References [Seite 134]
6 - Diagnosis and Clinical Symptomatology [Seite 137]
6.1 - Mastocytosis [Seite 137]
6.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 137]
6.1.2 - Description [Seite 138]
6.1.3 - Pathogenesis [Seite 138]
6.1.4 - Clinical Features [Seite 139]
6.1.5 - Mastocytosis and Anaphylaxis [Seite 143]
6.1.6 - Diagnosis [Seite 145]
6.1.7 - Therapy [Seite 146]
6.1.8 - Acknowledgement [Seite 149]
6.1.9 - References [Seite 150]
6.2 - In vitro Diagnosis of Anaphylaxis [Seite 152]
6.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 152]
6.2.2 - Diagnosis of Anaphylactic Reaction [Seite 153]
6.2.3 - Drugs [Seite 156]
6.2.4 - Latex [Seite 160]
6.2.5 - Anisakis Allergy [Seite 160]
6.2.6 - Insect Venom Allergy [Seite 160]
6.2.7 - Foods [Seite 161]
6.2.8 - Diagnosis by Components. Microarrays to Determine Specific IgE [Seite 163]
6.2.9 - Acknowledgements [Seite 164]
6.2.10 - References [Seite 164]
7 - Allergens and Elicitors [Seite 168]
7.1 - Insect Venoms [Seite 168]
7.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 168]
7.1.2 - Taxonomy and Biology of Responsible Insects [Seite 168]
7.1.3 - Allergens in Hymenoptera Venoms [Seite 172]
7.1.4 - Clinical Presentation of Anaphylaxis to Hymenoptera Venoms [Seite 175]
7.1.5 - Epidemiologic Aspects [Seite 175]
7.1.6 - Diagnosis [Seite 176]
7.1.7 - Prevention and Emergency Treatment [Seite 178]
7.1.8 - Immunotherapy [Seite 178]
7.1.9 - References [Seite 181]
7.2 - Classification and Pathophysiology of Radiocontrast Media Hypersensitivity [Seite 184]
7.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 184]
7.2.2 - Classification of Adverse Reactions to Radiographic Contrast Media [Seite 185]
7.2.3 - Clinical Presentation of Radiocontrast Media Hypersensitivity [Seite 186]
7.2.4 - Pathophysiology of Immediate Reactions [Seite 187]
7.2.5 - Pathophysiology of Non-Immediate Reactions [Seite 190]
7.2.6 - Diagnosis [Seite 192]
7.2.7 - Prevention [Seite 194]
7.2.8 - Acknowledgements [Seite 195]
7.2.9 - References [Seite 195]
7.3 - Analgesics [Seite 197]
7.3.1 - Abstract [Seite 197]
7.3.2 - Historical Note [Seite 197]
7.3.3 - Classification [Seite 200]
7.3.4 - Aspirin-Induced Asthma [Seite 200]
7.3.5 - Prevention and Treatment [Seite 202]
7.3.6 - Aspirin-Sensitive Urticaria/Angioedema [Seite 203]
7.3.7 - Hypersensitivity to Pyrazolones [Seite 203]
7.3.8 - Allergic Anaphylactic Reactions to NSAIDs [Seite 204]
7.3.9 - Acknowledgements [Seite 205]
7.3.10 - References [Seite 205]
7.4 - Anaphylaxis to General Anesthetics [Seite 207]
7.4.1 - Abstract [Seite 207]
7.4.2 - Epidemiology [Seite 208]
7.4.3 - Specific Clinical Features of Anesthesia Induced Anaphylaxis [Seite 208]
7.4.4 - Population at Risk [Seite 210]
7.4.5 - Causal Agents [Seite 210]
7.4.6 - Conclusion [Seite 215]
7.4.7 - References [Seite 215]
7.5 - Anaphylactic Reactions to Local Anesthetics [Seite 217]
7.5.1 - Abstract [Seite 217]
7.5.2 - Chemical Structure [Seite 218]
7.5.3 - Clinical Symptomatology [Seite 219]
7.5.4 - Toxicity [Seite 220]
7.5.5 - Pharmacologic Effect [Seite 220]
7.5.6 - Hypersensitivity Reactions [Seite 220]
7.5.7 - Results of Skin Test and Provocation Test Procedures [Seite 221]
7.5.8 - Psychosomatic Involvement [Seite 222]
7.5.9 - Reverse Placebo Provocation [Seite 223]
7.5.10 - Diagnostic Work-Up [Seite 224]
7.5.11 - Conclusion [Seite 224]
7.5.12 - Acknowledgement [Seite 225]
7.5.13 - References [Seite 226]
8 - Treatment and Prevention [Seite 228]
8.1 - Anaphylaxis: Acute Treatment and Management [Seite 228]
8.1.1 - Abstract [Seite 228]
8.1.2 - Basic General Treatment Modalities [Seite 229]
8.1.3 - Epinephrine (Adrenaline) [Seite 230]
8.1.4 - Glucocorticosteroids [Seite 231]
8.1.5 - Antihistamines [Seite 232]
8.1.6 - Volume Replacement [Seite 232]
8.1.7 - Additional Drugs [Seite 233]
8.1.8 - General Management of Patients Having Undergone an Anaphylactic Reaction [Seite 233]
8.1.9 - References [Seite 234]
8.2 - Epinephrine (Adrenaline) in Anaphylaxis [Seite 238]
8.2.1 - Abstract [Seite 238]
8.2.2 - Pharmacologic Activity [Seite 239]
8.2.3 - Therapeutic Window [Seite 240]
8.2.4 - Epinephrine: Evidence Base for Use in Anaphylaxis [Seite 240]
8.2.5 - Epinephrine Dosing [Seite 241]
8.2.6 - Epinephrine Autoinjector Use in First-Aid Treatment [Seite 242]
8.2.7 - Alternative Routes of Epinephrine Administration for First-Aid Treatment [Seite 244]
8.2.8 - Reason for Failure to Inject Epinephrine Promptly [Seite 244]
8.2.9 - Reasons for Occasional Lack of Response to Epinephrine [Seite 245]
8.2.10 - Context of Epinephrine Use as First-Aid Treatment [Seite 245]
8.2.11 - Future Directions [Seite 246]
8.2.12 - References [Seite 247]
9 - Author Index [Seite 250]
10 - Subject Index [Seite 251]
