
Current Issues in U.S.-European Relations
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Content
- Intro
- Contents
- Preface
- Chapter 1
- U.S.-European Relations in the 117th Congress(
- A Relationship in Flux?
- Transatlantic Relations and U.S. Interests
- Europe and the Trump Administration
- The Biden Administration and Future Prospects
- Issues for Congress
- Chapter 2
- The European Union: Questions and Answers(
- Abstract
- How the EU Works
- Challenges Facing the EU
- U.S.-EU Relations
- What Is the European Union?
- How Does the EU Work?
- How Is the EU Governed?
- What Is the Lisbon Treaty?
- What Are the Euro and the Eurozone?
- Why and How Is the EU Enlarging?
- Does the EU Have a Foreign Policy?
- Does the EU Have a Defense Policy?
- What Is the Relationship of the EU to NATO?
- What Is Justice and Home Affairs?
- What Is the Schengen Area?
- Does the EU Have a Trade Policy and Process?
- How Do EU Countries and Citizens View the EU?
- What Does the UK's Withdrawal Mean for the EU?
- Does the United States Have a Formal Relationship with the EU?
- Who Are U.S. Officials' Counterparts in the EU?
- How Are U.S.-EU Relations?
- Appendix. Map of the European Union and Aspirant Countries
- Chapter 3
- The European Parliament and U.S. Interests(
- A Key EU Institution
- Role and Responsibilities
- Structure and Organization
- Political Groups
- EP Leadership, Committees, and Delegations
- Location and Administration
- 2019 Elections
- The United States, Congress, and the EP
- Chapter 4
- Europe, COVID-19, and U.S. Relations(
- COVID-19 in Europe
- Statistics
- European Responses
- EU Actions
- NATO's Role
- Impact on U.S.-European Relations
- Relations with China
- Congressional Interests
- Chapter 5
- Transatlantic Relations: U.S. Interests and Key Issues(
- Abstract
- Transatlantic Relations and the Trump Administration
- Congressional Interests
- A Relationship in Flux?
- Long-Standing U.S. and Congressional Engagement
- The Trump Administration and Heightened Tensions
- A Challenging Political Context and Shifting Policy Priorities
- The Transatlantic Partnership and U.S. Interests
- NATO
- Benefits, Costs, and Burdensharing
- Tensions in the Alliance and Ongoing Challenges
- The European Union
- Evolution of U.S.-EU Relations
- The EU and the Trump Administration
- A More Independent EU?
- Possible Implications of Brexit
- Selected Foreign Policy and Security Challenges
- Russia
- Arms Control and the INF Treaty
- China
- Iran
- Syria and Countering the Islamic State
- EU Defense Initiatives
- Climate Policies
- COVID-19
- Trade and Economic Issues
- Current Trade and Investment Relations
- Trade Disputes
- U.S.-EU Trade Negotiations
- Implications for the United States
- Trump Administration Views
- Potential Damage?
- Future Prospects
- Issues for Congress
- Chapter 6
- Europe's Refugee and Migration Flows(
- Mixed Migration to Europe
- Routes, Flows, and Arrival Profiles
- Asylum Claims
- EU Responses and Challenges
- International Humanitarian Response
- Issues for the United States
- Chapter 7
- Terrorism in Europe(
- Current Trends
- The Islamic State and Europe
- Selected Terrorism Incidents
- 2018
- 2019
- 2020
- European Responses and Challenges
- Chapter 8
- The European Union: Ongoing Challenges and Future Prospects(
- Abstract
- Overview
- Evolution of the European Integration Project and Internal Dynamics
- The Past as Prologue
- Inherent Differences and Persistent Tensions
- Current Political and Economic Context
- Improving Economies but Lingering Concerns
- Rise of Anti-EU or "Euroskeptic" Political Parties
- Lack of Strong Leadership and Decreased Solidarity
- Simultaneous Challenges
- The UK Decision to Leave the EU
- Democracy and Rule-of-Law Concerns
- Migratory Pressures and Societal Integration Challenges
- European Security Concerns
- Managing a Resurgent Russia
- Countering Terrorism
- Possible Future Scenarios for the EU and Next Steps
- Issues for the United States
- U.S. Policy Considerations
- Does the United States Pose a Challenge for the EU?
- Appendix. Map of the EU and Candidate Countries
- Chapter 9
- U.S.-EU Data Privacy: From Safe Harbor to Privacy Shield(
- Abstract
- Introduction
- Data Privacy and Protection in the EU and the United States
- The EU Approach and the 1995 Data Protection Directive (DPD)
- The U.S. Approach
- Transatlantic Data Flows
- The Safe Harbor Agreement
- The CJEU Decision
- U.S. and European Responses
- The New EU-U.S. Privacy Shield Agreement
- Next Steps
- Future Prospects
- Options for Affected Companies in the Interim
- Issues for Congress
- Chapter 10
- EU Data Protection Rules and U.S. Implications(
- Data Privacy and Protection in the United States and Europe
- What Is the GDPR?
- GDPR Implementation
- Two-Year Anniversary
- GDPR and COVID-19
- Policy Implications
- Chapter 11
- U.S.-EU Privacy Shield(
- Data Transfers and Surveillance Issues
- EU Court Invalidates Privacy Shield
- U.S. and Congressional Interests
- Transatlantic Data Flows
- Privacy Shield Framework
- Joining Privacy Shield and Program Enforcement
- Future Prospects
- Options for Congress
- Chapter 12
- U.S.-EU Trade and Economic Issues(
- Introduction
- Selected Issues
- Trade Balance and Trade Practices
- Trade Frictions
- WTO and Multilateralism
- U.S.-EU Trade Negotiations
- Brexit
- Issues for Congress
- Chapter 13
- U.S.-EU Trade Agreement Negotiations: Issues and Prospects(
- Previous Trade Negotiation Efforts
- Selected Issues and Sectors
- Industrial Tariffs
- Services
- Agriculture
- Government Procurement
- Regulatory Cooperation
- Sectoral Cooperation
- Rules
- Issues for Congress
- Outlook
- Economic Implications
- U.S.-EU Trade Relations
- Chapter 14
- U.S.-EU Trade and Investment Ties: Magnitude and Scope(
- EU Economy
- U.S.-EU Trade
- Goods
- Services
- U.S.-EU Foreign Direct Investment (FDI)
- Issues for Congress
- Chapter 15
- U.S. Trade Concerns Regarding the EU's Farm to Fork Strategy(
- U.S.-EU Agricultural Trade Overview
- Overview of EU's Proposed Strategies
- Reactions in the European Union
- Reactions in the United States
- Considerations for Congress
- Chapter 16
- EU-Japan FTA: Implications for U.S. Trade Policy(
- Overview
- Trade and Investment Ties
- Key Elements of the EU-Japan FTA
- Market Access
- Standards and Regulatory Cooperation
- Rules
- Potential Issues for Congress
- Commercial Impact
- Objectives in Trade Talks
- Leadership in Global Trade Rules
- Chapter 17
- EU Climate Action and Implications for the United States(
- European Union: A Key Actor
- EU Climate Policies and Challenges
- EU Greenhouse Gas Mitigation Efforts
- The European Green Deal
- Implications for U.S.-EU Relations
- Chapter 18
- European Energy Security: Options for EU Natural Gas Diversification(
- Abstract
- Introduction
- U.S. Perspective and Related Issues
- Congressional Interest
- Sanctions-Related Issues
- Main Sources of EU Natural Gas
- Natural Gas Production in the EU and Norway
- Natural Gas Imports from Russia
- Russia's Reliability as a Supplier: European Debate
- Russian Natural Gas Routes to the EU
- Nord Stream and Nord Stream 2
- TurkStream
- Natural Gas Contracts
- Natural Gas Storage
- Developments in EU Energy Policy
- Liberalization and Integration
- EU Support for Energy Projects
- From the "European Energy Union" to the "European Green Deal"
- Alternatives to Russian Natural Gas Imports
- Expanding EU Production
- Opportunities for Shale?
- North Sea Future
- North Africa: Diminished but Consistent Suppliers
- Qatar and Other Liquefied Natural Gas Exporters
- Rising U.S. LNG
- EU LNG Importers
- Azerbaijan and the Southern Gas Corridor
- Central Asia and the Caspian Sea
- Eastern Mediterranean and the Arctic: On the Horizon
- Conclusion: Prospects for Diversification
- Chapter 19
- TurkStream: Russia's Newest Gas Pipeline to Europe(
- Background
- Project Status
- Southeastern European Market Impact
- Relations Between Russia and Turkey
- U.S. Policy Considerations
- U.S. LNG Exports
- Chapter 20
- Long-Range Ballistic Missile Defense in Europe(
- Abstract
- Recent Developments
- Historical Background
- The Obama Administration
- The Threat
- The Bush-Proposed System
- The Location
- Poland
- Czech Republic
- Policy Issues
- Debate in Poland and the Czech Republic
- European/Russian Response
- Europe
- NATO
- Russia
- Congressional Actions
- Fiscal Year 2010
- Fiscal Year 2009
- Fiscal Year 2008
- Chapter 21
- The European Deterrence Initiative: A Budgetary Overview(
- Background
- FY 2021 Budget Request and Funding Levels
- EDI Focus Areas
- Considerations for Congress
- Chapter 22
- United States European Command: Overview and Key Issues(
- History
- USEUCOM's Current Geopolitical Challenges
- U.S. Forces in Europe Today
- Rotational Forces
- Posture Changes?
- European Command and NATO
- Burdensharing?
- EUCOM Funding
- European Deterrence Initiative: Funding?
- Chapter 23
- Defender Europe 20 Military Exercise, Historical (REFORGER) Exercises, and U.S. Force Posture in Europe(
- Defender Europe 20
- What Was REFORGER?
- U.S. Military in Europe During the Cold War
- The Evolution of REFORGER
- From 1993 to 2014
- USEUCOM's Current Geopolitical Challenges
- The European Deterrence Initiative and Operation Atlantic Resolve
- Chapter 24
- The U.S.-EU Beef Hormone Dispute(
- Abstract
- Background
- Use of Hormones in Meat Production
- The EU Beef Hormone Ban
- Hormone Dispute in the WTO
- Overview of WTO Proceedings
- Role of Scientific Reviews in the Dispute
- EU Reviews
- U.S. Response to EU Reviews
- U.S. Trade Sanctions and Retaliation
- Initial 1999 Retaliatory Action
- Revised 2009 Retaliatory Action
- 2009 Memorandum of Understanding
- Recent Developments in 2016
- Role of Ongoing Trade Negotiations between the U.S. and EU
- Opposition by U.S. Importers
- Trade Effects for Selected Products
- U.S. Exports to the EU
- Recent Trends
- USDA's Non-Hormone Treated Cattle (NHTC) Program
- Other Compensation Efforts
- U.S. Imports from the EU
- Congressional Interest
- Appendix A. Initial Retaliation List (July 1999)
- Appendix B. Revised Retaliation List (January 2009)
- Appendix C. "Reduced" Product List (March 2009)
- Appendix D. Chronology of the U.S.-EU Beef Hormone Dispute
- Index
- Blank Page
- Blank Page
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