
Esther
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Content
- Intro
- Tyndale Old Testament Commentaries
- Esther
- Contents
- General preface
- Author's preface
- Select bibliography
- Abbreviations
- Texts and versions
- INTRODUCTION
- 1. The nature of the book of Esther
- 2. Origin and date
- 3. Historical background and setting
- 4. Canonical status
- Position within the canon
- Relationship to the rest of the canon
- 5. Literary issues
- i. Genre
- ii. Structure
- iii. Style
- a. Characterization
- b. Language
- c. Mood
- d. Pace
- e. Tension
- f. Unity
- 6. Textual issues
- i. The Hebrew Masoretic Text
- ii. The Septuagint (LXX) or 'B-text'
- iii. The 'A-text' ('L' or Lucianic)
- iv. The version of Josephus
- 7. Theology and purpose
- i. God is working his purpose out
- ii. God is presently active in the world
- iii. God works with human behaviour and responses to him
- iv. God protects and saves his people
- v. God's people can celebrate
- vi. God calls his people to faith
- ANALYSIS
- 1. INTRODUCTION: THE REIGN OF XERXES (AHASUERUS) (Esther 1:1-9)
- 2. ESTHER BECOMES QUEEN (Esther 1:10-2:20)
- 3. A PLOT AGAINST XERXES: 'in those days' (Esther 2:21-23)
- 4. HAMAN'S PLOT AGAINST THE JEWISH EXILES: 'after these things' (Esther 3:1-15)
- 5. MORDECAI AND ESTHER RESPOND TO HAMAN'S PLOT: 'when Mordecai learned .' (Esther 4:1-5:8)
- 6. HAMAN'S PLOT AGAINST MORDECAI: 'filled with rage against Mordecai' (Esther 5:9-14)
- 7. XERXES HONOURS MORDECAI: 'the man the king delights to honour' (Esther 6:1-11)
- 8. PARTIAL SUCCESS: THE DEATH OF HAMAN (Esther 6:12-7:10)
- 9. FULL SUCCESS: THE JEWISH PEOPLE ARE SAVED (Esther 8:1-9:16)
- 10. THE JEWS CELEBRATE THEIR VICTORY (Esther 9:17-32)
- 11. CONCLUSION: MORDECAI'S HONOUR: 'he worked for the good of his people' (10:1-3)
- COMMENTARY
- 1. INTRODUCTION: THE REIGN OF XERXES (AHASUERUS) (Esther 1:1-9)
- A. The stage is set: 'in the days of Xerxes .' (1:1-2)
- B. The royal banquets (1:3-9)
- i. Xerxes' banquet for his officials (1:3-4)
- Additional note: Persia and Media
- ii. Xerxes' banquet for the people of Susa (1:5-8)
- iii. Vashti's banquet for the women of Xerxes' palace (1:9)
- Additional note: The Palace of Susa
- 2. ESTHER BECOMES QUEEN (Esther 1:10-2:20)
- A. The demise of Vashti: 'on the seventh day' (1:10-2:4)
- i. Vashti is summoned by Xerxes (1:10-11)
- ii. Vashti refuses to obey the summons (1:12)
- iii. Xerxes takes advice from his wise men, adding tension to the narrative (1:13-15)
- iv. Memucan's proposal (1:16-20)
- v. Xerxes accepts Memucan's advice (1:21-22)
- vi. Xerxes accepts the advice of his young men (2:1-4)
- Additional note: Feminist interpretations of Esther 1
- B. The emergence of Esther: 'now there was . a Jew' (2:5-20)
- i. Esther's family history (2:5-7)
- ii. Esther's rise to favour (2:8-9)
- iii. Esther's secret (2:10-11)
- iv. Explanation of the selection process (2:12-14)
- v. Esther is selected as queen (2:15-17)
- vi. Queen Esther's banquet (2:18)
- vii. Queen Esther's loyalty to Mordecai (2:19-20)
- 3. THE PLOT AGAINST XERXES: 'in those days' (Esther 2:21-23)
- A. The plot is discovered by Mordecai (2:21)
- B. The plot is foiled (2:22-23)
- 4. HAMAN'S PLOT AGAINST THE JEWISH EXILES: 'after these things .' (Esther 3:1-15)
- A. Haman's power (3:1-11)
- i. Haman's rise to power (3:1-2)
- ii. Haman's anger against Mordecai (3:3-5)
- iii. Haman plots the destruction of all the Jews (3:6-9)
- Additional note: the pûr
- iv. Haman is now in charge (3:10-11)
- B. The edict of genocide (3:12-15)
- i. The edict is written (3:12)
- ii. The edict is distributed (3:13-15)
- 5. MORDECAI AND ESTHER RESPOND TO HAMAN'S PLOT: 'when Mordecai learned .' (Esther 4:1-5:8)
- A. Esther discovers Haman's intentions (4:1-9)
- i. Mordecai weeps in sackcloth (4:1-4)
- ii. Esther investigates through Hathach (4:5-9)
- B. Mordecai enlists Esther's help (4:10-17)
- i. Esther's unenviable position (4:10-11)
- ii. Mordecai challenges Esther (4:12-14)
- iii. Esther accepts her role (4:15-17)
- C. Esther hosts a banquet (5:1-8)
- i. Esther issues the invitation (5:1-5a)
- ii. The banquet is held and a further invitation is issued (5:5-8)
- 6. HAMAN'S PLOT AGAINST MORDECAI: 'filled with rage against Mordecai' (Esther 5:9-14)
- A. Haman's emotional turmoil (5:9-13)
- B. Haman accepts his wife's (and friends') advice to hang Mordecai (5:14)
- 7. XERXES HONOURS MORDECAI: 'the man the king delights to honour' (Esther 6:1-11)
- A. Mordecai's loyalty is remembered (6:1-3)
- B. Xerxes takes advice from Haman (6:4-9)
- C. Mordecai is publicly honoured (6:10-11)
- 8. PARTIAL SUCCESS: THE DEATH OF HAMAN (Esther 6:12-7:10)
- A. Haman's demise: 'you will surely fall .' (6:12-7:6)
- i. Zeresh and advisers predict Haman's downfall (6:12-14)
- ii. Esther's second banquet takes place (7:1-2)
- iii. Esther exposes Haman and his plot (7:3-6)
- B. Haman's death (7:7-10)
- i. Xerxes' anger is roused (7:7-8)
- ii. Haman is put to death (7:9-10)
- 9. FULL SUCCESS: THE JEWISH PEOPLE ARE SAVED (Esther 8:1-9:16)
- A. Mordecai and Esther find favour before Xerxes (8:1-4)
- B. The issue of overturning Haman's edict is addressed (8:5-14)
- i. Esther asks for a new edict (8:5-6)
- ii. Xerxes hands the matter over to Esther and Mordecai (8:7-8)
- iii. Mordecai oversees the writing of a new edict (8:9-10a)
- iv. The new edict is distributed (8:10b-14)
- C. The Jews' mourning is replaced by joy (8:15-17)
- i. Mordecai's honour is complete (8:15)
- ii. The Jews' gladness is complete (8:16-17)
- D. The enemies of the Jews are destroyed (9:1-16)
- i. 'Now the tables were turned' (9:1-5)
- ii. The extent of the Jewish victory in Susa (9:6-12a)
- iii. Esther's further request on behalf of the Jews in Susa (9:12b-13)
- iv. Esther's request is granted (9:14-15)
- v. The extent of the Jewish victory in the provinces (9:16)
- 10. THE JEWS CELEBRATE THEIR VICTORY (Esther 9:17-32)
- A. Spontaneous days of feasting (9:17-19)
- B. Mordecai himself confirms the festival (9:20-22)
- C. The festival of Purim is established (9:23-32)
- i. A summary of the festival's historical roots (9:23-26a)
- ii. A summary of the commitment of the Jews to this festival (9:26b-28)
- iii. Esther confirms the festival (9:29-32)
- Additional note: Purim today
- 11. CONCLUSION: MORDECAI'S HONOUR: 'He worked for the good of his people'(Esther 10:1-3)
- APPENDIX: The Greek Additions
- the text of the GREEK ADDITIONS 1
- A.
- B.
- C.
- Mordecai's prayer
- Esther's prayer
- D.
- E.
- F.
- Colophon
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