Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
1st Edition
Published on 3. October 2017
310 pages
978-1-68108-536-4 (ISBN)
Description
This volume reviews the published knowledge about bioactive composites, protein scaffolds and hydrogels. Chapters also detail the production parameters and clarify the evaluation protocol for analysis or testing and scaffolding biomaterials. The volume concludes with a summary of applications of porous scaffold in medicine. Each chapter links basic scientific and engineering concepts to practical applications for the benefit of the reader.
The text offers a wealth of information that will be of use to all students, bioengineers, materials scientists, chemists and clinicians concerned with the properties, performance, and use of tissue engineering scaffolds - from research engineers faced with designing the biomaterials and techniques to physicians and surgeons charged with shepherding the use of the scaffolds into the applied clinical settings.
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Mehdi Razavi
Biomaterials for Tissue Engineering
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10/2017
Bentham Science Publishers
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Content
- Intro
- CONTENTS
- FOREWORD
- PREFACE
- List of Contributors
- Synthetic Biopolymers
- Mahdis Hesami*
- INTRODUCTION
- REQUIRED CHARACTERISTICS FOR A SCAFFOLD
- BIOPOLYMERS
- Polyesters (Poly (a-Hydroxy-Acid))
- Polycaprolactone
- Biodegradation
- Scaffold Preparation Techniques
- Application
- Polycaprolactone Blends: PCL/ Hydrogels
- Polycaprolactone Copolymers
- Polyglycolic Acid
- Biodegradation
- Application
- Polylactic Acid
- Biodegradation
- Scaffold Preparation Techniques
- Application
- Polylactide Copolymers and Composites
- Poly(lactic-glycolic Acid)
- Polylactide/ Poly(lactic-glycolic Acid) (PLA/PLGA) Blends
- Polylactide/ Polycaprolactone (PLA/PCL)
- Polylactide/ Polyethylene Glycole (PLA/PEG)
- Polylactide/ Polyhydroxybutyratevalerate (PLA/ PHBV)
- Hybrid of Poly (Hydroxyl Acids) with Collagen
- Polyhydroxyalkonates
- Biodegradation
- Scaffold Preparation Techniques
- Application
- Blends of (Polyhydroxy Alkonate) PHAs: Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate/ Polyethylene Glycol (PHB/PEG)
- Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate/Poly (lactic-co-caprolactone)(PHB/PLCL)
- Poly 3-hydroxybutyrate /Poly (3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHB/PHBV)
- Poly (Propylene Fumarate)
- Biodegradation
- Application
- Polyanhydride
- Biodegradation
- Application
- Polyurethane
- Biodegradation and Biocompatibility
- Scaffold Preparation Techniques
- Application
- Polyphosphazenes
- Biodegradation
- Application
- Polyorthoesters
- Biodegradation
- Application
- Conductive Polymers: Polypyrrole
- Scaffold Preparation Techniques
- Application
- Polypyrorrole/ Polylactide (PPy/PLA)
- Polypyrrol/ Polycaprolactone (PPy/PCL)
- Polyaniline
- Application
- Blends of Polyaniline: PANI/ Poly (Hydroxyesters)
- Polyaniline/Gelatin
- Polyaniline/Poly (hydroxybutyrate) (PANI/PHB)
- Hydrogels
- Biodegradation of Hydrogels
- Application
- Poly (Acrylic Acid)
- Poly (Ethylene Oxide)
- Alginate/ Polyethylenoxide
- Poly (Vinyl Alcohol)
- Poly(vinyl alcohol)PVA Blends: PVA/Chitosan
- Poly(vinyl alcohol)/Hydroxyapatite (PVA/HA)
- NANOCOMPOSITES
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- Functionalization and Surface Modification
- Tailoring the Properties of Synthetic Polymer, Importance of Polymer Physics
- Blending and Thermodynamic Aspects
- Soft Nanoparticles
- Biomimetic Strategies
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Polymer-Based Biocomposites
- Yasemin Budama-Kilinc*, Rabia Cakir-Koc, Ilke Kurt, Kubra Gozutok, Busra Ozkan, Burcu Ozkan and Ibrahim Isildak
- INTRODUCTION
- IMPORTANCE OF SYNTHETIC POLYMERIC BIOCOMPOSITES (SPBC)
- SPECIFIC MECHANICAL AND BIOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF SPBC
- Poly(dimethyl siloxane)/Poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)(PDMS/PNIPAAM)
- Poly(ethylene glycol)/Poly(butylene terephthalate) (PEG/PBT)
- Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(butylene terephthalate)(PEO/PBT)
- Poly(lactic acid)/Poly(glycolic acid) (PLA/PGA)
- Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)/Poly(urethane)(PTFE/PU)
- Bisphenol A glycidyl methacrylate/Tri(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (BisGMA/TEGDMA)
- Poly(ethylene oxide)/Poly(propylene oxide) (PEO/PPO)
- Poly(Vinyl Alcohol)/Poly(Vinyl Pyrrolidone) (PVA/PVP)
- MANUFACTURING METHODS FOR SPBC
- Injection Molding
- Compression Molding
- Filament Winding
- Pultrusion
- APPLICATION OF SPBC'S
- Dental Applications
- Orthopedic Applications
- Bone Grafts
- Bone Plates, Screws and Fixation Devices
- Bone Cement
- Total Hip Prosthesis (Femoral Stem-Acetabular Cup)
- Artificial Tendons and Ligaments
- Drug Delivery System
- Artificial Skin
- Artificial Cornea
- Surgical Sutures
- Cardiovascular Applications
- Biosensors
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Bioactive ACP-Based Polymeric Biocomposites
- Drago Skrtic1,* and Joseph M. Antonucci2
- INTRODUCTION
- ACP: STRUCTURE, COMPOSITION, THERMODYNAMIC PROPERTIES
- EFFECT OF ADDITIVES ON PHYSICOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF ACP
- FINE TUNING OF ACP COMPOSITES BY INTERFACE COUPLING AND POLYMER GRAFTING
- ACP COMPOSITES: CYTOTOXICITY CONSIDERATIONS
- ACP COMPOSITES: ANTIMICROBIAL PROPERTIES
- EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN & METHODOLOGY
- ACP Filler Synthesis
- Formulation of Experimental Resins
- Fabrication of ACP Composites
- Methods/Techniques for Validation/Characterization/Evaluation of Fillers, Copolymers and Composites
- Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (AES)
- X-ray Diffraction (XRD)
- Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) Spectroscopy
- FTIR Microspectroscopy (m-FTIR)
- Particle Size Distribution (PSD)
- Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM)
- 1H-Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (1H-NMR) Spectroscopy
- Polymerization Shrinkage (PS)
- Polymerization Stress (PSS) Development
- Biaxial Flexure Strength (BFS)
- Shear Bond Strength (SBS)
- Water Sorption (WS) Profiles
- In vitro Cytotoxicity Studies
- Cell Culture Maintenance
- Extraction/Cell Viability Experiments
- Succinate Dehydrogenase Activity (Methyl-Thiazolyldiphenyl-Tetrazoliumbromide (MTT) Assays)
- Bacteria Inoculation and Imaging
- RESULTS & DISCUSSION
- Effect of Additives and Surface-Modifiers on Physicochemical Properties of ACP Fillers and Ensuing Composites
- Fine-tuning of the Experimental Resins: Structure-Composition-Property Studies
- Assessing Leachable and Cytotoxicity of ACP Composites
- Introducing AM Function: Preliminary Data
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- ABBREVIATIONS
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Hydrogels: Types, Structure, Properties, and Applications
- Amirsalar Khandan1,*, Hossein Jazayeri2, Mina D. Fahmy2 and Mehdi Razavi3
- INTRODUCTION
- GELS VARIETY
- Organogel
- Xerogels
- Aerogel
- Hydrogel
- COMPOSITION OF HYDROGELS
- NANOCOMPOSITE HYDROGELS
- SCAFFOLD HYDROGELS
- HISTORY OF HYDROGELS
- HYDROGEL PRODUCT CLASSIFICATION
- Classification Based on Source
- Classification Based on Composition
- Homopolymeric Hydrogels
- Copolymeric Hydrogels
- Multipolymer Interpenetrating
- Classification Based on Configuration
- Classification Based on Cross-Linking Type
- Classification Based on Appearance
- Classification Based on Charge
- FABRICATION TECHNIQUES FOR SCAFFOLD
- Solvent Casting Techniques
- Particulate-leaching Technique
- Gas Foaming
- Phase Separation
- Electrospinning
- Porogen Leaching
- Fiber Mesh
- Fiber Bonding
- Self-Assembly
- Rapid Prototyping (RP)
- Melt Moulding
- Membrane Lamination
- Freeze Drying
- HYDROGELS APPLICATIONS
- Scaffolds for Growth Factor Release
- Angiogenesis
- Bone Formation
- Wound Healing Repair
- Regeneration of Liver
- Neural Tissue Engineering
- Drug Delivery Application
- HYDROGEL PROPERTIES
- Biocompatibility Hydrogel Scaffold
- Biodegradability Hydrogel Scaffold
- Surface Morphology Hydrogel Scaffold
- Physical Properties Hydrogel Scaffold
- Mechanical Properties Hydrogel Scaffold
- Biological Properties Hydrogel Scaffold
- In vivo Evaluation Hydrogel Scaffold
- Cell Culture of Hydrogel Scaffold
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Metallic Scaffolds
- Mehdi Razavi1,*
- INTRODUCTION
- TITANIUM
- TANTALUM
- NICKEL-TITANIUM ALLOY (NITINOL)
- MAGNESIUM
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- FUTURE PERSPECTIVES
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Gradient Fabrication
- Nasim Kiaie1,* and Mehdi Razavi2
- INTRODUCTION
- GRADIENT IN DIFFERENT PARAMETERS OF THE SCAFFOLD
- Gradient in Pores of Scaffold
- Gradient in Mechanical Properties of Scaffold
- Gradient Surface Treatment
- Gradient Bioactive Molecules
- Gradient Fibers into Fibrous Scaffolds
- STRATEGIES TO CREATE GRADIENT SCAFFOLD
- Methods of Creating Gradient in Pores
- 3D Printing
- Phase Separation Methods
- Centrifugation Methods
- Lamination Method
- Microsphere Scaffolds
- Methods of Creating Gradient in Mechanical Properties
- Gradient in Cross-linking Density
- Mixing Chambers
- Methods of Creating Gradient in Surface Treatment
- Making Gradient in Density of Polymer Graft or Functional Groups
- Coating Surface with a Distinct Layer
- Making Gradient in Surface Wettability and Surface Energy
- Making Gradient in Nanostructure of Surface (Including nano-topography, Roughness, and Crystallinity)
- Making Gradient in Density of Nanoparticles/Microspheres on Surface
- Methods of Creating Gradient in Bioactive Molecules Embedded into Scaffold
- Controlled Delivery of Bioactive Factors from the Scaffold
- Immobilizing Bioactive Molecules into Scaffold
- Methods of Creating Fiber Gradient Scaffolds
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments for the Evaluation of Porous Biomaterials
- Rabia Cakir-Koc*, Yasemin Budama-Kilinc, Burak Ozdemir, Zeynep Kaya, Mehtap Sert and Neslinur Ozcelik
- INTRODUCTION
- BIOCOMPATIBILITY
- IN VIVO EXPERIMENTS
- Sensitization
- Guinea Pig Maximization Test (GPMT)
- Local Lymph Node Assay (LLNA)
- Irritation Experiments
- Ocular Irritation Test
- Draize Skin Irritation Test
- In Vivo Toxicity Experiments
- Pyrogenicity Tests
- Genotoxicity Tests
- Chromosome Abnormalities Tests
- Micronucleus (MN) Tests
- Carcinogenicity Experiments
- Immunogenicity Experiments
- Histological Experiments
- Teratogenicity Experiments
- In Vitro Experiments
- Cell Culture Experiments
- Comparison of In Vivo and In Vitro Experiments
- Common In Vitro Experiments
- Direct Contact Test
- Agar Diffusion Test
- Elution Test
- Cell Count Experiments
- Morphological Experiments
- Dye Experiments
- Metabolic Experiments
- In Vitro Skin Irritating Test
- In Vitro Embryotoxicity/Teratogenicity Experiments
- In Vitro Genotoxicity Tests
- Hemocompatibility
- Interaction of Material and Blood
- Hemocompatibility Experiments
- Hemolysis Assay
- Platelet Adhesion and Activation Assay
- Clotting Time Assays
- Anticoagulant Assay
- Other Assays
- Standardization of Hemocompatibility Assay
- MECHANICAL EXPERIMENTS
- Elastic and Plastic Deformation Tests
- Viscoelastic Tests
- Failure Tests
- Fracture Tests
- Fatigue Tests
- Wear Tests
- CHARACTERIZATION TESTS
- Adhesion Testing and Surface Testing
- Electrical Testing
- Optical Testing
- X-Ray Absorption Testing
- Ultrasonic Testing
- Diffusion Testing
- Density Testing and Porosity Testing
- Corrosion Testing
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- FUTURE RESEARCH
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Immune Aspects of Scaffold Design
- Nasrin Mokhtari1, Hamidreza Mokhtari2 and Mehdi Razavi3,*
- INTRODUCTION
- IMMUNE MECHANISMS
- CELL THERAPY AND IMMUNE RESPONSE
- TECHNIQUES AND EFFICIENT VARIABLES IN TISSUE ENGINEERING
- CONCLUSION
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- Future Perspectives of Porous Scaffolds
- Farnaz Naghizadeh*
- INTRODUCTION
- SCAFFOLDING BIOMATERIALS AND TECHNOLOGY
- Polymer-based Biomaterials
- Hydrogels
- Metallic Scaffolds
- Gradient Fabrication of Scaffolds
- STEM CELL-BASED TISSUE ENGINEERING
- Stem Cells
- Dental
- Neural System
- Cardiovascular System
- Liver and Kidney
- Skin Tissue
- Musculoskeletal System
- Bone Scaffolds
- Evaluation Techniques
- In Vitro and In Vivo Experiments
- Immune Aspects of Scaffold Design
- Additional Topics in Scaffolding Technology
- Nano Powders
- Delivery Systems
- Scaffold Fabrication Techniques
- Recommendations for Future Works
- CONCLUDING REMARKS
- CONFLICT OF INTEREST
- ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
- REFERENCES
- SUBJECT INDEX
