Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices
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Gopal Rawat, PhD is an assistant professor in the School of Computing and Electrical Engineering at the Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh, India. He has published over 50 research articles in leading peer-reviewed international journals and conferences, one book chapter, and four patents. His research interests include semiconducting materials, device design and development, novel materials, and semiconductor devices.
Gautam Patel, PhD works in the Department of Industrial Chemistry at the Institute of Science and Technology for Advanced Studies and Research, CVM University, Nagar, Gujarat, India, with over seven years of experience. He has published one book, six chapters, three patents, and five research papers in international journals. His research interests include organic synthesis, green chemistry, nanosciences, and nanotechnology.
Kalim Deshmukh, PhD is a senior researcher at the New Technologies Research Centre at the University of West Bohemia, Plzen, Czech Republic, with over 15 years of research experience. He has published over 110 research articles in peer-reviewed journals and 36 book chapters and edited several books. His research interests include synthesis, characterization, and property investigations of polymer nanocomposites reinforced with different nanofillers, including various nanoparticles and carbon allotropes such as carbon black, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and its derivatives for energy storage, energy harvesting, gas sensing, EMI shielding, and high-k dielectric applications.
Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain, PhD is an adjunct professor, academic advisor, and Lab Director in the Department of Chemistry and Environmental Sciences at the New Jersey Institute of Technology, USA. He is the author of numerous papers in peer-reviewed journals as well as author and editor of over 100 scientific monographs and books. His research focuses on the application of nanotechnology and advanced materials in environmental and analytical chemistry.
Content
Preface xix
Part I: Synthesis, Characterizations and Surface Modification of Functionalized Nanomaterials 1
1 Functionalized Nanomaterials: Fundamentals, New Perspectives, and Emerging Research Trends in Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Fabrications, Challenges, and Future Perspectives 3
Sunil Kumar Baburao Mane, Naghma Shaishta and G. Manjunatha
1.1 Introduction 4
1.2 Implementations of 0D NMs in Optoelectronics 6
1.3 Implementations of 1D NMs in Optoelectronics 11
1.4 Implementations of 2D NMs in Optoelectronics 15
1.5 Implementations of 3D NMs in Optoelectronics 23
1.6 Challenges and Future Perspective 26
1.7 Conclusion 28
References 30
2 Synthesis and Characterizations of Nanomaterials for Electronic Devices 35
G. Sahaya Dennish Babu, G. Helen Ruth Joice, N. Sandhya Rani and M. Malarvizhi
2.1 Introduction 35
2.2 Properties of Nanomaterials 38
2.3 Nanomaterial Synthesis Methodologies 43
2.4 Nanomaterials for Electronic Devices 52
2.5 Characterizations of Nanomaterials 57
2.6 Challenges and Future Outlook 59
2.7 Summary and Conclusion 60
Acknowledgments 61
References 61
3 Functionalization and Surface Modification of Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Applications 65
Bhasha Sathyan and Jobin Cyriac
3.1 Introduction 66
3.2 Nanomaterials: Exploring Electronic and Optoelectronic Properties 67
3.3 Importance of Functionalization 70
3.4 The Functionalization 71
3.5 Surface Functionalization-Induced Properties 79
3.6 Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials in Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices 82
3.7 Conclusions and Future Perspectives 90
Acknowledgment 91
References 91
4 Structural and Electronic Transport Properties of Functionalized Nanomaterials 101
Atefeh Nazary, Hassan Shamloo and Sattar Mirzakuchaki
4.1 Introduction 102
4.2 Nanomaterials' Crystal Geometry 102
4.3 Electronic Structure of Nanomaterials 120
4.4 Transport Properties of Nanomaterials 123
4.5 Conclusion 127
References 128
Part II: Modeling and Simulations for Polymer Nanocomposites of Functionalized Nanomaterials 133
5 Modeling and Simulations of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices 135
Atefeh Nazary, Hassan Shamloo and Sattar Mirzakuchaki
5.1 Introduction 136
5.2 Electronic and Optoelectronic Device Principles 136
5.3 Methods for Nanoelectronics and Optoelectronic Device Modeling and Simulation 142
5.4 Conclusion 159
References 159
6 Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics 165
Harish Kumar, Gaman Kumar, Rahul Sharma, Ankita Yadav, Rajni Kumari, Aarti Tundwal, Ankit Dhayal and Abhiruchi Yadav
6.1 Introduction 165
6.2 Classification of Polymer Nanocomposites 167
6.3 Synthesis of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 168
6.4 Synthesis of rGO/Conducting Polymer-Based Nanocomposites 168
6.5 Synthesis of Cellulose/Conducting Polymer/Metal Oxide-Based Nanocomposites 171
6.6 Applications of Polymer-Based Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics 173
6.7 Future Perspectives of Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Flexible Electronics 184
6.8 Conclusions 186
Acknowledgments 187
References 187
Part III: Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials 195
7 Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Thin-Film Transistors and Display Devices 197
Vraj Shah, Ashish Choudhury, Yash Thakrar, Tushar Patil and Swapnil Dharaskar
7.1 Introduction 198
7.2 Fundamentals of Functionalized Nanomaterials 200
7.3 Fabrication Techniques for Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based TFTs 207
7.4 Characterization and Analysis of Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based TFTs 214
7.5 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Advanced Display Technologies 219
7.6 Challenges and Future Directions 224
7.7 Conclusion 229
References 229
8 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Optoelectronic Device Applications 235
G. Sahaya Dennish Babu, A. Judith Jayarani, G. Mahalakshmi, R. Dhivya, R. Thenmozhi and M. Swetha
8.1 Introduction 235
8.2 Optoelectronic Devices 237
8.3 Mechanisms of Optoelectronic Devices 240
8.4 Functional Materials for Optoelectronic Devices 243
8.5 Device Engineering of LED's and Solar Cells 249
8.6 Photonic Integrated Circuits (PICS) 250
8.7 Optocouplers 252
8.8 Innovative Strategies to Improve Device Performances 254
8.9 Conclusions and Future Outlook 256
Future Outlooks 257
Acknowledgments 257
References 258
9 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics 261
Humira Assad, Praveen Kumar Sharma, Elyor Berdimurodov, Alok Kumar and Ashish Kumar
List of Abbreviations 262
9.1 Introduction 262
9.2 Nanostructured Materials for Flexible and Stretchable Bioelectronics 265
9.3 Approaches for Integration and Processing of Nanomaterials 273
9.4 Nanomaterials-Based Bioelectronics 274
9.5 Prospects and Limitations 279
9.6 Conclusion 281
References 282
10 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Lithium-Ion Batteries 289
Naval V. Koralkar, Raj Kumar and Gautam Patel
10.1 Introduction 289
10.2 Principles of LIBs 292
10.3 Nanomaterials for Li-Ion Battery Technology 295
10.4 Nanomaterials with Silicon-Based Lithium-Ion Anodes 301
10.5 Nanomaterials Derived from Tin for Application in LIB 304
10.6 Nanomaterials that are Composed of Metal Oxide and are Capable of Functioning as the Anode in LIB 306
10.7 Summary 308
10.8 Future Lithium-Ion Energy Storage Materials 309
References 309
11 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices 315
Shubham Mehta, Gautam Patel, Rohankumar Patel, Trilokkumar Akhani and Arvnabh Mishra
11.1 Introduction 316
11.2 Fundamentals of Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices 322
11.3 Nanomaterials for Supercapacitor and Hybrid Capacitor Electrodes 343
11.4 Functionalization Strategies for Enhancing Electrode Performance 347
11.5 Advanced Nanocomposite Materials for Supercapacitors and Hybrid Capacitor Devices 352
11.6 Future Perspectives and Challenges 356
11.7 Conclusion 357
References 357
12 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Chemiresistive Gas Sensors 365
Atefeh Nazary
12.1 Introduction 365
12.2 Classification of Chemoresistive Gas Sensors 367
12.3 Classification of Materials for Chemoresistive Gas Sensors 373
12.4 Conclusion 394
References 395
13 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Biosensing Devices 405
Sreelekshmi P. J., Devika V., Asok Aparna, Appukuttan Saritha and Sandhya Sadanandan
13.1 Introduction 405
13.2 Diversity in Biosensors 406
13.3 Fabrication Techniques Involved in the Functionalization of Nanomaterials 409
13.4 Properties of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Biosensing Devices 414
13.5 Biosensing Applications of Functionalized Nanomaterials 414
13.5 Challenges and Future Perspectives 427
13.6 Summary and Outlook 428
References 428
14 Targeted Electrochemical Biosensor for Detection of Cancer Biomarkers Using Composite Nanomaterials 435
Virender, Archana Chauhan, Priyanka, Ashwani Kumar, Pawan Kumar Sharma and Brij Mohan
14.1 Introduction 436
14.2 Techniques for Biosensing 438
14.3 Electrochemical Biosensors in Cancer Detection 444
14.4 Materials for CB Detection 446
14.5 Nanomaterial Design and Development as Biosensors 446
14.6 Working Insights into Biosensors 447
14.7 Biosensing Tools 447
14.8 Working Principles and Mechanisms 450
14.9 Stability and Reusability 453
14.10 Conductivity 453
14.11 Key Findings, Challenges, and Conclusion 453
References 454
15 Functionalized Material-Based Flexible Biomedical Devices 461
Sachin M. Shet, Dibyendu Mondal and S. K. Nataraj
Abbreviations 462
15.1 Introduction 462
15.2 Flexible Electronics 463
15.3 Emerging Applications 472
15.4 Summary and Conclusions 479
References 481
16 Functionalized Nanomaterials for Designing Nano/Micro Biologically Sensitive Field-Effect Transistors (Bio-FETs) 491
Archini Paruthi, Sooraj Sanjay and Navakanta Bhat
16.1 Introduction 491
16.2 Electrochemical Biosensing: Basic Principle and Architecture 493
16.3 Bio-FETs: Evolution, Structure, and Architecture 495
16.4 Role of Nanomaterials in Biosensing and Bio-FETs 505
16.5 Nanomaterial-Biorecognition Design: Synthesis, Immobilization, and Integration Strategies 509
16.6 Functionalized Bio-FETs 519
16.7 Case Studies 525
16.8 Conclusion 529
Acknowledgment 530
References 530
17 Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems 541
Deekshitha S. Nayak
Abbreviations 541
17.1 Introduction 542
17.2 History of Solar Cells and Photovoltaic Systems 543
17.3 Solar Cells 548
17.4 Solar Collectors 549
17.5 Fuel Cells 550
17.6 Photocatalysis 551
17.7 Solar Photovoltaic 552
17.8 Energy Storage 553
17.9 Rechargeable Batteries 554
17.10 Application Technologies in Solar Cells 555
17.11 Development of Solar Cells Based on Functionalized Nanomaterials 559
17.12 Features of Solar Cells Based on Functionalized Nanomaterials 562
17.13 Challenges and Future Scope of Solar Cells Based on Nanomaterials 563
17.14 Conclusion 565
References 566
18 Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Photocatalytic Devices 569
Brij Mohan, Virender, Neeraj, Ritika Kadiyan, Krishan Kumar, Armando J. L. Pombeiro and Rakesh Kumar Gupta
18.1 Introduction 569
18.2 Metal-Doped Nanomaterials as Photocatalysts: Design and Workings 571
18.3 Photocatalytic Degradation Mechanism 573
18.4 Energy-Electron Flow in Nanomaterial Photocatalysis 575
18.5 Photocatalytic Degradation Activity of Nanomaterials 576
18.6 Challenges 578
18.7 Conclusion 580
Acknowledgments 580
References 580
19 Design and Fabrication of Sonochemically Prepared Functionalized Nanomaterials for Fuel Cell Applications 585
Jayaraman Kalidass and Thirugnanasambandam Sivasankar
19.1 Introduction 585
19.2 Role of Ultrasound in Material Synthesis 593
19.3 Sonochemical Synthesis of Nanomaterials 596
19.4 Advanced Fabrication Techniques to Functionalize the Nanomaterials 602
19.5 Challenges and Opportunities 607
19.6 Conclusion 608
Acknowledgment 609
References 609
Part IV: Reliability, Ethical and Regulatory Issues, Environmental Impact and Commercialization Aspects 615
20 Reliability, Ethical and Legal Issues, Environmental Impact, and Commercialization Aspects of Functionalized Nanomaterials for Electronic and Optoelectronic Devices 617
Dolly Thankachan
20.1 Introduction 618
20.2 Reliability of Nanomaterials for Electronics and Optoelectronics Material 619
20.3 Legal Issues in Field of Nanotechnology 625
20.4 Environmental Impact of Nanomaterials 628
20.5 Ethical Aspects 632
20.6 Conclusion 640
References 641
Index 645
