
Speaking JavaScript
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Content
- Intro
- Copyright
- Table of Contents
- Preface
- What You Need to Know About This Book
- Tips for Reading This Book
- The Four Parts of This Book
- JavaScript Command Lines
- Notational Conventions
- Quickly Finding Documentation
- Safari® Books Online
- How to Contact Us
- Acknowledgments
- Preparing for JavaScript
- Help with JavaScript
- Reviewers
- Part I. JavaScript Quick Start
- Chapter 1. Basic JavaScript
- Background
- JavaScript Versus ECMAScript
- Influences and Nature of the Language
- Syntax
- An Overview of the Syntax
- Statements Versus Expressions
- Semicolons
- Comments
- Variables and Assignment
- Assignment
- Compound Assignment Operators
- Identifiers and Variable Names
- Values
- Primitive Values Versus Objects
- Primitive Values
- Objects
- undefined and null
- Categorizing Values Using typeof and instanceof
- Booleans
- Truthy and Falsy
- Binary Logical Operators
- Equality Operators
- Numbers
- Operators
- Strings
- String Operators
- String Methods
- Statements
- Conditionals
- Loops
- Functions
- Function Declarations Are Hoisted
- The Special Variable arguments
- Too Many or Too Few Arguments
- Optional Parameters
- Enforcing an Arity
- Converting arguments to an Array
- Exception Handling
- Strict Mode
- Variable Scoping and Closures
- Variables Are Function-Scoped
- Variables Are Hoisted
- Closures
- The IIFE Pattern: Introducing a New Scope
- Objects and Constructors
- Single Objects
- Arbitrary Property Keys
- Extracting Methods
- Functions Inside a Method
- Constructors: Factories for Objects
- Arrays
- Array Literals
- Array Methods
- Iterating over Arrays
- Regular Expressions
- Method test(): Is There a Match?
- Method exec(): Match and Capture Groups
- Method replace(): Search and Replace
- Math
- Other Functionality of the Standard Library
- Part II. Background
- Chapter 2. Why JavaScript?
- Is JavaScript Freely Available?
- Is JavaScript Elegant?
- Is JavaScript Useful?
- Graphical User Interfaces
- Other Technologies Complementing JavaScript
- Does JavaScript Have Good Tools?
- Is JavaScript Fast Enough?
- Is JavaScript Widely Used?
- Does JavaScript Have a Future?
- Conclusion
- Chapter 3. The Nature of JavaScript
- Quirks and Unorthodox Features
- Elegant Parts
- Influences
- Chapter 4. How JavaScript Was Created
- Chapter 5. Standardization: ECMAScript
- Chapter 6. Historical JavaScript Milestones
- Part III. JavaScript in Depth
- Chapter 7. JavaScript's Syntax
- An Overview of the Syntax
- Comments
- Expressions Versus Statements
- Expressions
- Statements
- Control Flow Statements and Blocks
- Rules for Using Semicolons
- No Semicolon After a Statement Ending with a Block
- The Empty Statement
- Automatic Semicolon Insertion
- Legal Identifiers
- Invoking Methods on Number Literals
- Strict Mode
- Switching on Strict Mode
- Strict Mode: Recommended, with Caveats
- Variables Must Be Declared in Strict Mode
- Functions in Strict Mode
- Setting and Deleting Immutable Properties Fails with an Exception in Strict Mode
- Unqualified Identifiers Can't Be Deleted in Strict Mode
- eval() Is Cleaner in Strict Mode
- Features That Are Forbidden in Strict Mode
- Chapter 8. Values
- JavaScript's Type System
- JavaScript's Types
- Static Versus Dynamic
- Static Typing Versus Dynamic Typing
- Static Type Checking Versus Dynamic Type Checking
- Coercion
- Primitive Values Versus Objects
- Primitive Values
- Objects
- undefined and null
- Occurrences of undefined and null
- Checking for undefined or null
- The History of undefined and null
- Changing undefined
- Wrapper Objects for Primitives
- Wrapper Objects Are Different from Primitives
- Wrapping and Unwrapping Primitives
- Primitives Borrow Their Methods from Wrappers
- Type Coercion
- Type Coercion Can Hide Bugs
- Functions for Converting to Boolean, Number, String, and Object
- Algorithm: ToPrimitive()-Converting a Value to a Primitive
- Chapter 9. Operators
- Operators and Objects
- Assignment Operators
- Compound Assignment Operators
- Equality Operators: === Versus ==
- Strict Equality (===, !==)
- Normal (Lenient) Equality (==, !=)
- There Are No Valid Use Cases for ==
- Ordering Operators
- The Algorithm
- The Plus Operator (+)
- The Algorithm
- Operators for Booleans and Numbers
- Special Operators
- The Conditional Operator ( ? : )
- The Comma Operator
- The void Operator
- Categorizing Values via typeof and instanceof
- typeof: Categorizing Primitives
- instanceof: Checking Whether an Object Is an Instance of a Given Constructor
- Object Operators
- Chapter 10. Booleans
- Converting to Boolean
- Manually Converting to Boolean
- Truthy and Falsy Values
- Logical Operators
- Binary Logical Operators: And (&&) and Or (||)
- Logical And (&&)
- Logical Or (||)
- Logical Not (!)
- Equality Operators, Ordering Operators
- The Function Boolean
- Chapter 11. Numbers
- Number Literals
- Exponent
- Invoking Methods on Literals
- Converting to Number
- Manually Converting to Number
- parseFloat()
- Special Number Values
- NaN
- Infinity
- Two Zeros
- The Internal Representation of Numbers
- Special Exponents
- Handling Rounding Errors
- Integers in JavaScript
- Ranges of Integers
- Representing Integers as Floating-Point Numbers
- Safe Integers
- Converting to Integer
- Integers via Math.floor(), Math.ceil(), and Math.round()
- Integers via the Custom Function ToInteger()
- 32-bit Integers via Bitwise Operators
- Integers via parseInt()
- Arithmetic Operators
- Bitwise Operators
- Background Knowledge
- Bitwise Not Operator
- Binary Bitwise Operators
- Bitwise Shift Operators
- The Function Number
- Number Constructor Properties
- Number Prototype Methods
- Number.prototype.toFixed(fractionDigits?)
- Number.prototype.toPrecision(precision?)
- Number.prototype.toString(radix?)
- Number.prototype.toExponential(fractionDigits?)
- Functions for Numbers
- Sources for This Chapter
- Chapter 12. Strings
- String Literals
- Escaping in String Literals
- Character Access
- Converting to String
- Manually Converting to String
- Comparing Strings
- Concatenating Strings
- Concatenation: The Plus (+) Operator
- Concatenation: Joining an Array of String Fragments
- The Function String
- String Constructor Method
- String Instance Property length
- String Prototype Methods
- Extract Substrings
- Transform
- Search and Compare
- Test, Match, and Replace with Regular Expressions
- Chapter 13. Statements
- Declaring and Assigning Variables
- The Bodies of Loops and Conditionals
- Loops
- Mechanisms to Be Used with Loops
- while
- do-while
- for
- for-in
- for each-in
- Conditionals
- if-then-else
- switch
- The with Statement
- Syntax and Semantics
- The with Statement Is Deprecated
- The Rationale for the Deprecation
- The debugger Statement
- Chapter 14. Exception Handling
- What Is Exception Handling?
- Exception Handling in JavaScript
- throw
- try-catch-finally
- Examples
- Error Constructors
- Stack Traces
- Implementing Your Own Error Constructor
- Chapter 15. Functions
- The Three Roles of Functions in JavaScript
- Terminology: "Parameter" Versus "Argument"
- Defining Functions
- Function Expressions
- Function Declarations
- The Function Constructor
- Hoisting
- The Name of a Function
- Which Is Better: A Function Declaration or a Function Expression?
- More Control over Function Calls: call(), apply(), and bind()
- func.apply(thisValue, argArray)
- func.bind(thisValue, arg1, ..., argN)
- Handling Missing or Extra Parameters
- All Parameters by Index: The Special Variable arguments
- Mandatory Parameters, Enforcing a Minimum Arity
- Optional Parameters
- Simulating Pass-by-Reference Parameters
- Pitfall: Unexpected Optional Parameters
- Named Parameters
- Named Parameters as Descriptions
- Optional Named Parameters
- Simulating Named Parameters in JavaScript
- Chapter 16. Variables: Scopes, Environments, and Closures
- Declaring a Variable
- Background: Static Versus Dynamic
- Background: The Scope of a Variable
- Variables Are Function-Scoped
- Variable Declarations Are Hoisted
- Introducing a New Scope via an IIFE
- IIFE Variation: Prefix Operators
- IIFE Variation: Already Inside Expression Context
- IIFE Variation: An IIFE with Parameters
- IIFE Applications
- Global Variables
- Best Practice: Avoid Creating Global Variables
- Module Systems Lead to Fewer Globals
- The Global Object
- Cross-Platform Considerations
- Use Cases for window
- Environments: Managing Variables
- Closures: Functions Stay Connected to Their Birth Scopes
- Handling Closures via Environments
- Pitfall: Inadvertently Sharing an Environment
- Chapter 17. Objects and Inheritance
- Layer 1: Single Objects
- Kinds of Properties
- Object Literals
- Dot Operator (.): Accessing Properties via Fixed Keys
- Unusual Property Keys
- Bracket Operator ([]): Accessing Properties via Computed Keys
- Converting Any Value to an Object
- this as an Implicit Parameter of Functions and Methods
- Calling Functions While Setting this: call(), apply(), and bind()
- apply() for Constructors
- Pitfall: Losing this When Extracting a Method
- Pitfall: Functions Inside Methods Shadow this
- Layer 2: The Prototype Relationship Between Objects
- Inheritance
- Overriding
- Sharing Data Between Objects via a Prototype
- Getting and Setting the Prototype
- The Special Property __proto__
- Setting and Deleting Affects Only Own Properties
- Iteration and Detection of Properties
- Listing Own Property Keys
- Listing All Property Keys
- Checking Whether a Property Exists
- Examples
- Best Practices: Iterating over Own Properties
- Accessors (Getters and Setters)
- Defining Accessors via an Object Literal
- Defining Accessors via Property Descriptors
- Accessors and Inheritance
- Property Attributes and Property Descriptors
- Property Attributes
- Property Descriptors
- Getting and Defining Properties via Descriptors
- Copying an Object
- Properties: Definition Versus Assignment
- Inherited Read-Only Properties Can't Be Assigned To
- Enumerability: Best Practices
- Protecting Objects
- Preventing Extensions
- Sealing
- Freezing
- Pitfall: Protection Is Shallow
- Layer 3: Constructors-Factories for Instances
- The new Operator Implemented in JavaScript
- Terminology: The Two Prototypes
- The constructor Property of Instances
- The instanceof Operator
- Tips for Implementing Constructors
- Data in Prototype Properties
- Avoid Prototype Properties with Initial Values for Instance Properties
- Avoid Nonpolymorphic Prototype Properties
- Polymorphic Prototype Properties
- Keeping Data Private
- Private Data in the Environment of a Constructor (Crockford Privacy Pattern)
- Private Data in Properties with Marked Keys
- Private Data in Properties with Reified Keys
- Keeping Global Data Private via IIFEs
- Layer 4: Inheritance Between Constructors
- Inheriting Instance Properties
- Inheriting Prototype Properties
- Ensuring That instanceof Works
- Overriding a Method
- Making a Supercall
- Avoiding Hardcoding the Name of the Superconstructor
- Example: Constructor Inheritance in Use
- Example: The Inheritance Hierarchy of Built-in Constructors
- Antipattern: The Prototype Is an Instance of the Superconstructor
- Methods of All Objects
- Conversion to Primitive
- Object.prototype.toLocaleString()
- Prototypal Inheritance and Properties
- Generic Methods: Borrowing Methods from Prototypes
- Accessing Object.prototype and Array.prototype via Literals
- Examples of Calling Methods Generically
- Array-Like Objects and Generic Methods
- A List of All Generic Methods
- Pitfalls: Using an Object as a Map
- Pitfall 1: Inheritance Affects Reading Properties
- Pitfall 2: Overriding Affects Invoking Methods
- Pitfall 3: The Special Property __proto__
- The dict Pattern: Objects Without Prototypes Are Better Maps
- Best Practices
- Cheat Sheet: Working with Objects
- Chapter 18. Arrays
- Overview
- Arrays Are Maps, Not Tuples
- Arrays Can Also Have Properties
- Creating Arrays
- The Array Constructor
- Multidimensional Arrays
- Array Indices
- The in Operator and Indices
- Deleting Array Elements
- Array Indices in Detail
- length
- Manually Increasing the Length of an Array
- Decreasing the Length of an Array
- The Maximum Length
- Holes in Arrays
- Creating Holes
- Sparse Arrays Versus Dense Arrays
- Which Operations Ignore Holes, and Which Consider Them?
- Removing Holes from Arrays
- Array Constructor Method
- Array Prototype Methods
- Adding and Removing Elements (Destructive)
- Sorting and Reversing Elements (Destructive)
- Comparing Numbers
- Comparing Strings
- Comparing Objects
- Concatenating, Slicing, Joining (Nondestructive)
- Searching for Values (Nondestructive)
- Iteration (Nondestructive)
- Examination Methods
- Transformation Methods
- Reduction Methods
- Pitfall: Array-Like Objects
- Best Practices: Iterating over Arrays
- Chapter 19. Regular Expressions
- Regular Expression Syntax
- Atoms: General
- Atoms: Character Classes
- Atoms: Groups
- Quantifiers
- Assertions
- Disjunction
- Unicode and Regular Expressions
- Creating a Regular Expression
- Literal Versus Constructor
- Flags
- Instance Properties of Regular Expressions
- Examples of Creating Regular Expressions
- RegExp.prototype.test: Is There a Match?
- String.prototype.search: At What Index Is There a Match?
- RegExp.prototype.exec: Capture Groups
- First Match (Flag /g Not Set)
- All Matches (Flag /g Set)
- String.prototype.match: Capture Groups or Return All Matching Substrings
- String.prototype.replace: Search and Replace
- Replacement Is a String
- Replacement Is a Function
- Problems with the Flag /g
- Tips and Tricks
- Quoting Text
- Pitfall: Without an Assertion (e.g., ^, $), a Regular Expression Is Found Anywhere
- Matching Everything or Nothing
- Manually Implementing Lookbehind
- Regular Expression Cheat Sheet
- Chapter 20. Dates
- The Date Constructor
- Date Constructor Methods
- Date Prototype Methods
- Time Unit Getters and Setters
- Various Getters and Setters
- Convert a Date to a String
- Date Time Formats
- Date Formats (No Time)
- Time Formats (No Date)
- Date Time Formats
- Time Values: Dates as Milliseconds Since 1970-01-01
- Converting a Date to a Number
- Chapter 21. Math
- Math Properties
- Numerical Functions
- Trigonometric Functions
- Other Functions
- Chapter 22. JSON
- Background
- Data Format
- History
- Grammar
- JSON.stringify(value, replacer?, space?)
- Data Ignored by JSON.stringify()
- The toJSON() Method
- JSON.parse(text, reviver?)
- Transforming Data via Node Visitors
- JSON.stringify()
- JSON.parse()
- Chapter 23. Standard Global Variables
- Constructors
- Error Constructors
- Nonconstructor Functions
- Encoding and Decoding Text
- Categorizing and Parsing Numbers
- Dynamically Evaluating JavaScript Code via eval() and new Function()
- Evaluating Code Using eval()
- Evaluating Code Using new Function()
- eval() Versus new Function()
- Best Practices
- Conclusion
- The Console API
- How Standardized Is the Console API Across Engines?
- Simple Logging
- Checking and Counting
- Formatted Logging
- Profiling and Timing
- Namespaces and Special Values
- Chapter 24. Unicode and JavaScript
- Unicode History
- Important Unicode Concepts
- Code Points
- Unicode Encodings
- JavaScript Source Code and Unicode
- Source Code Internally
- Source Code Externally
- JavaScript Strings and Unicode
- Escape Sequences
- Refering to Astral Plane Characters via Escapes
- Counting Characters
- Unicode Normalization
- JavaScript Regular Expressions and Unicode
- Matching Any Code Unit and Any Code Point
- Libraries
- Recommended Reading and Chapter Sources
- Chapter 25. New in ECMAScript 5
- New Features
- Syntactic Changes
- New Functionality in the Standard Library
- Metaprogramming
- New Methods
- JSON
- Tips for Working with Legacy Browsers
- Part IV. Tips, Tools, and Libraries
- Chapter 26. A Meta Code Style Guide
- Existing Style Guides
- General Tips
- Code Should Be Consistent
- Code Should Be Easy to Understand
- Commonly Accepted Best Practices
- Brace Styles
- Prefer Literals to Constructors
- Don't Be Clever
- Acceptable Cleverness
- Controversial Rules
- Syntax
- Variables
- Object Orientation
- Miscellaneous
- Conclusion
- Chapter 27. Language Mechanisms for Debugging
- Chapter 28. Subclassing Built-ins
- Terminology
- Obstacle 1: Instances with Internal Properties
- Workaround for Obstacle 1
- Caveats
- Obstacle 2: A Constructor That Can't Be Called as a Function
- Workaround for Obstacle 2
- Another Solution: Delegation
- Chapter 29. JSDoc: Generating API Documentation
- The Basics of JSDoc
- Syntax
- Naming Types
- Basic Tags
- Documenting Functions and Methods
- Inline Type Information ("Inline Doc Comments")
- Documenting Variables, Parameters, and Instance Properties
- Documenting Classes
- Defining a Class via a Constructor Function
- Defining a Class via an Object Literal
- Defining a Class via an Object Literal with an @constructs Method
- Subclassing
- Other Useful Tags
- Chapter 30. Libraries
- Shims Versus Polyfills
- Four Language Libraries
- The ECMAScript Internationalization API
- The ECMAScript Internationalization API, Edition 1
- What Kind of Standard Is It?
- When Can I Use It?
- Further Reading
- Directories for JavaScript Resources
- Chapter 31. Module Systems and Package Managers
- Module Systems
- Package Managers
- Quick and Dirty Modules
- Chapter 32. More Tools
- Chapter 33. What to Do Next
- Index
- About the Author
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