
Basic Polymer Engineering Data
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Content
- Intro
- Preface
- About the Author
- Contents
- 1 Mechanical Properties of Solid Polymers
- 1.1 Ideal Solids
- 1.2 Tensile Properties
- 1.2.1 Stress-Strain Behavior
- 1.2.2 Tensile Modulus
- 1.2.3 Effect of Temperature on Tensile Strength
- 1.3 Shear Properties
- 1.3.1 Shear Modulus
- 1.3.2 Effect of Temperature on Shear Modulus
- 1.4 Compressive Properties
- 1.4.1 Bulk Modulus
- 1.5 Time Related Properties
- 1.5.1 Creep Modulus
- 1.5.2 Creep Rupture
- 1.5.3 Relaxation Modulus
- 1.5.4 Fatigue Limit
- 1.6 Hardness
- 1.7 Impact Strength
- 1.8 Coefficient of Friction
- 1.9 References
- 2 Thermal Properties of Solid and Molten Polymers
- 2.1 Specific Volume
- 2.2 Specific Heat
- 2.3 Thermal Expansion Coefficient
- 2.4 Enthalpy
- 2.5 Thermal Conductivity
- 2.6 Thermal Diffusivity
- 2.7 Coefficient of Heat Penetration
- 2.8 Heat Deflection Temperature
- 2.9 Vicat Softening Point
- 2.10 Flammability
- 2.11 References
- 3 Transport Properties of Molten Polymers
- 3.1 Newtonian and Non-Newtonian Fluids
- 3.2 Viscous Shear Flow
- 3.2.1 Apparent Shear Rate
- 3.2.2 Entrance Loss
- 3.2.3 True Shear Stress
- 3.2.4 Apparent Viscosity
- 3.2.5 True Shear Rate
- 3.2.6 True Viscosity
- 3.3 Rheological Models
- 3.3.1 Hyperbolic Function of Eyring and Prandtl
- 3.3.2 Power Law of Ostwald and de Waele
- 3.3.3 Polynomial of Münstedt
- 3.3.3.1 Shift Factor for Crystalline Polymers
- 3.3.3.2 Shift Factor for Amorphous Polymers
- 3.3.4 Viscosity Equation of Carreau
- 3.3.5 Viscosity Formula of Klein
- 3.4 Effect of Pressure on Viscosity
- 3.5 Dependence of Viscosity on Molecular Weight
- 3.6 Viscosity of Two-Component Mixtures
- 3.7 Melt Flow Index
- 3.8 Tensile Viscosity
- 3.9 Viscoelastic Properties
- 3.9.1 Primary Normal Stress Coefficient, Q
- 3.9.2 Shear Compliance, Je
- 3.9.3 Die Swell
- 3.10 Rheology of Glass Fiber-Filled Polypropylene Melts
- 3.10.1 Introduction
- 3.10.2 Model
- 3.10.3 Shift Factor as a Function of Fiber Content
- 3.10.4 Example
- 3.10.5 Summary
- 3.11 Practical Computational Rheology Primer
- 3.11.1 Introduction
- 3.11.2 Shear Flow
- 3.11.2.1 Relationship between Flow Rate and Pressure Drop
- 3.11.2.2 Shear Rates for Blown Film and Extrusion Coating Dies
- 3.11.2.3 Extensional Flow
- 3.11.2.4 Melt Elasticity
- 3.12 Conclusions
- 3.13 References
- 4 Electrical Properties
- 4.1 Surface Resistivity
- 4.2 Volume Resistivity
- 4.3 Dielectric Strength
- 4.4 Relative Permittivity
- 4.5 Dielectric Dissipation Factor or Loss Tangent
- 4.6 Comparative Tracking Index (CTI)
- 4.7 References
- 5 Optical Properties of Solid Polymers
- 5.1 Light Transmission
- 5.2 Haze
- 5.3 Refractive Index
- 5.4 Gloss
- 5.5 Color
- 5.6 References
- 6 External Influences
- 6.1 Physical Interactions
- 6.1.1 Solubility
- 6.1.2 Environmental Stress Cracking (ESC)
- 6.1.3 Permeability
- 6.1.4 Absorption and Desorption
- 6.1.5 Weathering Resistance
- 6.2 Chemical Resistance
- 6.2.1 Chemical and Wear Resistance to Polymers
- 6.3 General Property Data
- 6.4 References
- 7 Extrusion
- 7.1 Extrusion Screws
- 7.2 Processing Parameters
- 7.2.1 Resin-Dependent Parameters
- 7.2.1.1 Blown Film
- 7.2.1.2 Pipe Extrusion
- 7.2.1.3 Flat Film Extrusion
- 7.2.1.4 Sheet Extrusion
- 7.2.1.5 Wire Coating
- 7.2.2 Machine-Related Parameters
- 7.2.2.1 Extruder Output
- 7.2.2.1.1 Feed Zone
- 7.2.2.1.2 Metering Zone (Melt Zone)
- 7.2.2.2 Melting Parameter
- 7.2.2.3 Melting Profile
- 7.2.2.4 Screw Power
- 7.2.2.5 Melt Temperature and Melt Pressure
- 7.2.2.5.1 Melt Temperature
- 7.2.2.5.2 Temperature Fluctuation
- 7.2.2.5.3 Melt Pressure
- 7.2.2.5.4 Pressure Fluctuation
- 7.3 Extrusion Dies
- 7.3.1 Pipe Extrusion
- 7.3.1.1 General Cross Section
- 7.3.1.2 Drawdown and Haul-Off Rates
- 7.3.2 Blown Film
- 7.3.3 Sheet Extrusion
- 7.4 Thermoforming
- 7.5 Compounding
- 7.5.1 Coextrusion
- 7.6 Extrudate Cooling
- 7.6.1 Dimensionless Groups
- 7.7 References
- 8 Blow Molding
- 8.1 Processes
- 8.1.1 Resin-Dependent Parameters
- 8.1.1.1 Melt Temperature and Pressure
- 8.1.1.1.1 Processing Data for Stretch Blow Molding
- 8.1.1.1.2 Volume Shrinkage
- 8.1.1.1.3 Choice of Material
- 8.1.2 Machine-Related Parameters
- 8.1.2.1 Blow Molding Dies
- 8.2 References
- 9 Injection Molding
- 9.1 Resin-Dependent Parameters
- 9.1.1 Injection Pressure
- 9.1.2 Mold Shrinkage and Processing Temperature
- 9.1.3 Drying Temperatures and Times
- 9.1.4 Flow Characteristics of Injection-Molding Resins
- 9.2 Machine-Related Parameters
- 9.2.1 Injection Unit
- 9.2.2 Injection Molding Screw
- 9.2.2.1 Nonreturn Valves
- 9.2.2.1.1 Nozzle
- 9.2.3 Injection Mold
- 9.2.3.1 Runner Systems
- 9.2.3.2 Design of Gates
- 9.2.3.3 Injection Pressure and Clamp Force
- 9.2.4 Mechanical Design of Mold
- 9.3 Melting in Injection Molding Screws
- 9.3.1 Model
- 9.3.2 Calculation Procedure
- 9.3.3 Sample Calculation
- 9.3.4 Results of Simulation
- 9.3.5 Screw Dimensions
- 9.4 Injection Mold
- 9.4.1 Runner Systems
- 9.4.2 Calculated Example
- 9.4.3 Mold Filling
- 9.4.4 Injection Pressure
- 9.4.5 Calculated Example with Symbols and Units
- 9.5 Flow Characteristics of Injection Molding Resins
- 9.5.1 Model
- 9.5.2 Melt Viscosity and Power Law Exponent
- 9.5.3 Experimental Results and Discussion
- 9.5.4 Sample Calculation
- 9.6 Cooling of Melt in the Mold
- 9.6.1 Crystalline Polymers
- 9.6.2 Amorphous Polymers
- 9.6.3 Calculations with Varying Mold Wall Temperature
- 9.6.3.1 Sample Calculation with Symbols and Units
- 9.6.3.2 Iteration Procedure
- 9.6.3.3 Results of Calculations with the Model
- 9.7 Rheological Design of the Mold
- 9.7.1 Sample Calculation
- 9.7.2 General Channel Shape
- 9.8 References
- 9.9 Appendix
- Index
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